Oral cancer, also referred to as mouth cancer, is a type of malignancy that impacts the oral cavity, including the lips, tongue, cheeks, gums, floor of the mouth, and throat [1]. This form of cancer can arise in various regions of the mouth, manifesting as a painless white lesion that gradually thickens, develops red spots, and eventually evolves into an ulcerative lesion. On the lips, it often appears as a chronic non-healing ulcer that steadily enlarges over time [2]. Additional indicators of oral cancer may consist of dysphagia, odynophagia, neck swelling, and sensations of numbness in the lips. Awareness of these symptoms is crucial for early detection and optimal treatment outcomes [3,4]. The World Health Organization (WHO) introduced a paradigm shift in 2005 by recommending a change in the classification of precancerous lesions to “potentially malignant disorders” (PMDs). This move was motivated by the observation that the majority of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cases had evolved from preceding precancerous lesions. The PMDs encompass a spectrum of conditions, including leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral lichen planus, oral submucosal fibrosis, actinic keratosis, discoid lupus erythematosus, and palatal lesions potentially induced by smoking. These disorders are characterized by their heightened propensity for malignant transformation relative to other oral pathologies [5]. Oral cancer has a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 40%. However, if detected early (stages I and II), the survival rate can exceed 80% [6,7]. Unfortunately, up to 50% of oral cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage (stages III and IV) due to a lack of symptoms in the early stages, leading to delayed medical attention. Patients often present with obvious symptoms like pain, bleeding, or a mass in the mouth or neck only when lymphatic spread has already occurred [8]. A diagnostic delay of over one month significantly increases the likelihood of advanced-stage oral cancer [9]. While patients are primarily responsible for delays, misdiagnosis or inadequate treatment by healthcare providers can also contribute to the problem [9-11]. The prognosis worsens as the disease advances and the tumor location becomes less accessible, with lip cancer having better survival rates than oropharyngeal cancer. The clinical and pathological stage at diagnosis remains the most critical factor affecting prognosis [12]. Early detection and anticipation of diagnosis lead to improved survival rates, better prognosis, and reduced treatment-related morbidity [13]. More than 90% of malignant tumors in the oral region are squamous cell carcinomas that arise from the mucosal epithelium. However, it’s important to recognize that these tumors can differ significantly based on their location, etiology, prognosis, and treatment options. Specifically, oral cancer affecting the mouth differs from carcinoma in the oropharynx in several ways. For instance, oropharyngeal cancer is predominantly linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, whereas oral cancer is typically associated with exposure to tobacco and alcohol. As such, it’s essential to assess each type of mucosal tumor individually and tailor our approach to diagnosis, staging, and treatment accordingly [14]. Globally, there are an estimated 400,000 new cases of oral cancer diagnosed annually, with a disproportionate number occurring in Asian countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately two-thirds of these cases are found in South and Southeast Asia, specifically in countries such as Sri Lanka, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh [15]. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) typically occurs on the lateral border of the tongue (40%) or the floor of the mouth (30%). It can also affect the lower lip (30%) [16]. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) for both the general public and healthcare professionals. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of OSCC, including its definition, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis. By providing an up-to-date and accessible summary of the latest research in the field, we hope to increase awareness and understanding of OSCC among the general population and assist healthcare practitioners in their efforts to prevent, diagnose, and treat this disease.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a preventable disease that is primarily caused by environmental factors, with tobacco being the leading culprit. The development of OSCC is directly related to the dose, frequency, and mode of exposure to carcinogens, which are substances that have the potential to cause cancer. In addition to tobacco smoke, other known carcinogens that can contribute to the development of OSCC include excessive alcohol consumption, certain viruses such as human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, and prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. By avoiding these carcinogens and adopting healthy lifestyle habits, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of developing this disease [2,17].

Tobacco usage is a primary contributor to the development of oral cancer, as it triggers genetic alterations in the buccal cells that can culminate in malignancy. The carcinogenic properties of tobacco are attributed to the chemical compounds present in cigarette smoke and other tobacco products, which instigate mutations in the cellular DNA, thereby increasing the likelihood of cancerous growth in the oral cavity [3,18-20].

Heavy alcohol consumption has been linked to an elevated risk of developing oral cancer. The reason for this association is that excessive alcohol consumption can cause damage to the cells in the mouth, making them more vulnerable to the effects of cancer-causing viruses. When these damaged cells are infected with certain viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), they can become cancerous and lead to the development of oral cancer. Additionally, heavy drinking can weaken the immune system, which can further increase the likelihood of developing oral cancer. Therefore, it’s important to be mindful of alcohol consumption habits and take steps to reduce the risk of oral cancer, such as limiting alcohol intake, practicing good oral hygiene, and getting regular dental check-ups [3, 12, 20].

Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), specifically type 16, is a recognized risk factor and causative agent for oral cancer. However, there is a growing subset of patients diagnosed with oral cancer who do not fit the traditional demographic profile. Unlike the historically high-risk groups - people over 50, African Americans, males, and tobacco users - this new population is primarily made up of non-smoking, white individuals between the ages of 30 and 50, with males slightly outnumbering females. Research suggests that HPV16 is the main risk factor for this new population. The virus is also responsible for most cervical cancers and is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the US. Oral cancer in this group typically affects the tonsils, tonsillar pillars, base of the tongue, and oropharynx. Notably, individuals who develop oral cancer from this cause tend to respond better to radiation treatment than those whose disease is caused by tobacco use [20-24].

Historically, clinicians have noted a connection between iron deficiency and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and subsequent research has consistently supported this association. Iron is essential for maintaining the health and integrity of epithelial tissues, and deficiencies can result in atrophic changes in the oral epithelium, rendering it more vulnerable to chemical carcinogens. Moreover, a diet low in fruits and vegetables has been associated with an elevated risk of OSCC, whereas a higher intake of these foods seems to decrease the risk. Encouragingly, interventional trials employing β-carotene and vitamin A have yielded promising outcomes in mitigating the severity of oral precancerous lesions. It is worth noting that riboflavin deficiency, commonly encountered in individuals who consume excessive alcohol, may also play a role in the development of OSCC. In summary, addressing nutritional deficits and advocating for a well-balanced diet could significantly contribute to both the prevention and treatment of OSCC [25].

Edentulous patients and poor oral hygiene are known risk factors for cancer of the oral cavity. Additionally, some studies suggest that the use of mouthwashes with high alcohol content may increase the risk of developing tongue and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), although this association remains unproven. Furthermore, research has linked the consumption of the traditional South American beverage, mate, to an elevated risk of oral cavity cancer [26].

The oral microbiome, mucosal inflammation, and oral mucosal trauma caused by teeth and prosthetic devices have been gaining attention as potential contributors to the development of oral cancer. In addition, exposure to actinic ultraviolet radiation (UV), particularly UV-B, has been implicated in the development of lip cancer. Genetic predispositions, such as xeroderma pigmentosum, Fanconi’s anemia, and ataxia-telangiectasia, also increase the risk of developing oral cancer due to defects in DNA repair mechanisms [26].

Oral cancer can be considered a largely preventable disease, given that most risk factors can be eliminated. However, it can still occur in individuals who do not belong to known risk categories. Therefore, primary prevention through education on limiting behavioral risk factors, such as tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption, is crucial. Additionally, HPV vaccination may also play a role in prevention, although its effectiveness in preventing oral cancer is not as well established as it is for anogenital and cervical cancer. Early detection and treatment of oral premalignancies and early-stage cancers are critical components of secondary prevention. Unfortunately, despite increased public awareness, the proportion of patients presenting with advanced disease has remained relatively unchanged over the past four decades [6,8,12,22].

Unlike other common cancers such as colorectal or cervical cancer, implementing a standardized population-based screening program for oral cancer is not cost-effective and therefore cannot be recommended. This is because the incidence of oral cancer is relatively low compared to other cancers, and the cost of screening the entire population would outweigh the benefits. However, targeted screening programs in high-risk populations, such as heavy smokers and drinkers, or individuals with a history of cancer outside the head and neck region, may be worth considering. Studies have shown that such targeted approaches can help identify early-stage cancer or precancerous lesions, potentially improving treatment outcomes. For example, a randomized controlled trial conducted in India demonstrated the effectiveness of a screening program in high-risk individuals. Additionally, opportunistic screening for oral mucosal lesions during routine dental check-ups in countries with good dental healthcare infrastructure could also contribute to reducing diagnostic delays and improving outcomes [27-30].

According to the TNM staging system by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, there are four stages of oral cancer based on the tumor size, lymph nodes involved, and metastasis (Table 1) [16,31,32].

It’s worth noting that these statistics are based on data from 2012, so they may not reflect current trends. Additionally, the incidence and mortality rates vary widely depending on the specific type of oral cancer, with some types having much higher incidence and mortality rates than others [34-53] (Table 2).

According to recent statistics, only a minority of oral and pharyngeal cancers, approximately 30%, are detected at an early stage, whereas 50% are diagnosed at a more advanced stage (stage III or IV) when they have already spread to other parts of the body. This delay in detection is attributed to several factors such as patients seeking medical attention too late, diagnostic delays, and the absence of well-defined guidelines for referring patients from dentists to physicians. Consequently, incorporating oral cancer screenings into regular head and neck examinations performed by primary dental care providers is crucial [54-57]. The primary screening test for oral cancer involves a thorough clinical examination of the oral cavity. As recommended by the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, this examination should consist of a systematic visual inspection of the face, neck, lips, labial mucosa, buccal mucosa, gingiva, floor of the mouth, tongue, and palate. A mouth mirror can be used to aid in visualizing all surfaces. In addition to the visual inspection, the examination should also include palpation of the regional lymph nodes, tongue, and floor of the mouth. Any abnormality that persists for more than two weeks should be re-evaluated and referred for biopsy. Early detection through regular screening can significantly improve treatment outcomes and survival rates for patients with oral cancer [58].

Oral cancer, which includes cancer of the lips, tongue, floor of the mouth, and other parts of the mouth, is a common type of cancer worldwide. Early detection is crucial in reducing oral cancer mortality. Most oral cancers occur in visible or palpable areas, making early diagnosis possible. Key indicators of oral cancer include ulceration, induration, infiltration, bleeding, and lymphadenopathy [55,59]. Oral cancer, which affects the mouth, tongue, lips, or throat, can be detected early through opportunistic oral cancer screening exams performed by oral health professionals (OHPs). During these exams, OHPs check for signs of cancer or precancerous changes in the mouth, and if they find anything suspicious, they refer the patient to a specialist for further evaluation. To diagnose oral cancer, a combination of clinical evaluation and biopsy is used. The biopsy is the most reliable method, involving the removal of a small tissue sample from the affected area for examination under a microscope. Imaging tests like CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans help determine the cancer’s extent, which guides treatment decisions. For early-stage oral cancer, surgery or radiation therapy may be enough. Advanced cancers might require a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Targeted therapy could also be combined with radiation therapy for more aggressive cases. Managing oral cancer patients requires a multidisciplinary approach to address various side effects, including infections, mucositis, oral ulceration, xerostomia, bleeding, pain, osteoradionecrosis, taste loss, trismus, and dental caries. A team of healthcare professionals can help mitigate these issues and enhance the patient’s quality of life. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial for improving oral cancer outcomes. By performing regular opportunistic oral cancer screening exams, OHPs can identify cancer early, leading to better patient outcomes. A collaborative effort among healthcare professionals is essential for managing the diverse needs of oral cancer patients [60,61].

It is crucial for dentists to perform a thorough dental assessment and develop an oral care program before beginning cancer treatment to enhance treatment compliance and reduce infection risk. Most patients have underlying dental problems such as cavities and gum disease, so dentists must provide proper oral rehabilitation, non-invasive treatments, fluoride dental trays, and maxillofacial prosthetics when necessary. Additionally, radiation therapy can cause oral complications, and surgery may require removing infected teeth and bone resection. To prevent osteoradionecrosis, dentists should extract at-risk teeth seven to ten days before radiation therapy begins and ensure all sources of mucosal trauma are eliminated. A personalized oral hygiene regimen should also be implemented, including brushing, flossing, scaling, professional tooth cleaning, and denture cleaning [62]. Depending on the area being irradiated, provisions should be made for customized dental fluoridation trays. By following these guidelines, dentists can help protect their patients’ oral health during cancer treatment. And other diseases, such as types of cancer, respiratory diseases and Alzheimer’s, it is important to check the condition of the disease [63-67].

Treatment for mouth cancer is tailored to the specific characteristics of the cancer, including its location, stage, and aggressiveness, as well as the patient’s overall health and personal preferences. Patients may receive a single type of treatment or a combination of different therapies, such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. It’s essential to discuss the various options with a doctor to determine the best course of action for each individual case.

Surgery has been the cornerstone of treatment for oral cancer for over a century, with a rich history dating back to the late 19^th century. The advent of ionizing radiation therapy in the early 20^th century revolutionized the treatment landscape, offering a non-invasive alternative to surgery. While radiation therapy remains an essential component of treatment for many patients, it is often used in combination with surgery, particularly in cases of advanced cancer. In these instances, postoperative radiation therapy is typically employed to ensure that any remaining cancer cells are eliminated and reduce the risk of recurrence [68].

In the past, chemotherapy was primarily used as a palliative treatment for oral carcinoma in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s. However, with the advent of cisplatin, clinical trials on induction chemotherapy showed promising results, with a considerable number of patients exhibiting responses to the treatment. Unfortunately, despite these initial positive outcomes, the use of induction chemotherapy did not lead to long-term control of primary oral squamous cell carcinomas, unlike its effectiveness in other head and neck tumors [69].

Researchers are actively exploring targeted therapies that focus on inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a potential treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. In addition, immunotherapy and gene therapy are other promising areas of study that require further investigation. These approaches have shown encouraging results in early clinical trials, and scientists are working to optimize their use in combination with existing treatments or as standalone therapies. The ultimate goal is to develop more effective and personalized treatments that can improve patient outcomes and quality of life [68,70].

In conclusion, early detection of oral cancer is crucial for improving treatment outcomes and saving lives. With advancements in technology and medical research, various diagnostic tools and techniques are available to aid clinicians in identifying and diagnosing oral cancer at its earliest stages. These include visual examination devices, salivary biomarker tests, and other point-of-care testing methods that can help identify potential cancerous lesions before they progress to advanced stages. While surgical biopsy and histology remain the gold standard for definitive diagnosis, these auxiliary methods can provide valuable information to support clinical decision- making. The scientific community continues to make strides in developing novel approaches to prevention, screening, and early detection of oral cancer. By staying up-to-date with the latest research and incorporating cutting-edge technologies into their practice, healthcare professionals can significantly reduce diagnostic delays and improve patient outcomes. In turn, this will lead to better management of oral cancer and improved quality of life for patients.

None.

Not applicable as we used information from previously published articles.

Not applicable as the manuscript is not a part of any student thesis or study.

Not applicable as we used information from previously published articles.

All authors have given consent for publication.

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.

6 06 1471-1474 17 2010 10.1245/s10434-010-0985-4 Edge SB Compton CC Annals of Surgical Oncology The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM 2023 Marx Stern D Oral and maxillofacial pathology: a rationale for diagnosis and treatment. Stern, Diane. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0867153903. OCLC 49566229 9 11884-11894 8 2015 Rivera C International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology Essentials of oral cancer 1 02 13-29 31 2019 10.1016/j.coms.2018.08.002 Ettinger KS Ganry L Fernandes RP Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America Oral Cavity Cancer 2 02 165-177 238 2016 10.1620/tjem.238.165 Liu D Zhao X Zeng X Dan H Chen Q The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine Non-Invasive Techniques for Detection and Diagnosis of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders 4-5 309-316 45 2009 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002 Warnakulasuriya S Oral Oncology Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer 3 09 279-281 25 2010 10.1007/s13187-010-0045-6 Silverman S Kerr AR Epstein JB Journal of Cancer Education: The Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Education Oral and pharyngeal cancer control and early detection 06 61-65 55 Suppl 1 2010 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01200.x McCullough MJ Prasad G Farah CS Australian Dental Journal Oral mucosal malignancy and potentially malignant lesions: an update on the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and management 5 10 541-546 117 2009 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00672.x Gómez I Seoane J Varela-Centelles P Diz P Takkouche B European Journal of Oral Sciences Is diagnostic delay related to advanced-stage oral cancer? A meta-analysis 4 08 281-284 43 2005 10.1016/j.bjoms.2004.01.016 McGurk M Chan C Jones J O'regan E Sherriff M The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Delay in diagnosis and its effect on outcome in head and neck cancer 7 07 642-647 47 2011 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.04.018 Groome PA Rohland SL Hall SF Irish J Mackillop WJ O'Sullivan B Oral Oncology A population-based study of factors associated with early versus late stage oral cavity cancer diagnoses 02 1 01 60-72 382 2020 10.1056/NEJMra1715715 Chow LQM The New England Journal of Medicine Head and Neck Cancer 01 1 03 e2-e7 1 2013 10.1016/j.jcpo.2013.04.002 Ford PJ Farah CS Journal of Cancer Policy Early detection and diagnosis of oral cancer: Strategies for improvement 09 9 11 841-847 225 2018 10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.926 Speight PM Farthing PM British Dental Journal The pathology of oral cancer 08 24 12 9160 17 2020 10.3390/ijerph17249160 Abati S Bramati C Bondi S Lissoni A Trimarchi M International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Oral Cancer and Precancer: A Narrative Review on the Relevance of Early Diagnosis 30 03 2020 Givony S Medicinos mokslai. Medical sciences. Kėdainiai : VšĮ Lietuvos sveikatos mokslinių tyrimų centras, 2020, vol. 8, no. 13, Mar 23. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) an overview / Shahaf Givony p. 387. ISBN 978-8131230916 2014 Ravikiran Ongole Praveen B N, ed Elsevier India Textbook of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology 2018 Society AC Cancer Facts and Figures 2018. Atlanta: American Cancer Society 16 4 02 333-337 92 2000 10.1093/jnci/92.4.333 Shapiro JA Jacobs EJ Thun MJ Journal of the National Cancer Institute Cigar smoking in men and risk of death from tobacco-related cancers 10 5 07 681-686 105 2003 10.1002/ijc.11114 Znaor A Brennan P Gajalakshmi V Mathew A Shanta V Varghese C Boffetta P International Journal of Cancer Independent and combined effects of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking on the risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancers in Indian men 03 S91-S99 63 Suppl 1 2018 10.1111/adj.12594 Wong T Wiesenfeld D Australian Dental Journal Oral Cancer 32-35 11 Suppl 1 2002 10.1159/000057776 Joseph BK Medical Principles and Practice: International Journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre Oral cancer: prevention and detection 10 29 10 3235-3242 33 2015 10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6995 Gillison ML Chaturvedi AK Anderson WF Fakhry C Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma 01 3 05 e439-444 18 2013 10.4317/medoral.18419 Martín-Hernán F Sánchez-Hernández JG Cano J Campo J Romero J Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal Oral cancer, HPV infection and evidence of sexual transmission 10.5772/30520 Kalu UE Ogbureke1, Christopher Bingham. Overview of Oral Cancer. Published: March 14th, 2012 Overview of Oral Cancer | IntechOpen 3 2 2018 Arrangoiz R Cordera F Caba D Moreno E Leon EL Munoz M Cancer Reports and Reviews Oral Tongue Cancer: Literature Review and Current Management 1 01 10-22 44 2008 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.06.011 Lingen MW Kalmar JR Karrison T Speight PM P Oral Oncology Critical evaluation of diagnostic aids for the detection of oral cancer 01 3 05 e300-305 16 2011 10.4317/medoral.16.e300 Waal I Bree R Brakenhoff R Coebergh JW Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal Early diagnosis in primary oral cancer: is it possible? 04 9475 06 1927-1933 365 2005 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66658-5 Sankaranarayanan R Ramadas K Thomas G Muwonge R Thara S Mathew B Rajan B Lancet (London, England) Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial 10 9 05 497-502; discussion 493 194 2003 10.1038/sj.bdj.4810069 Lim K Moles DR Downer MC Speight PM British Dental Journal Opportunistic screening for oral cancer and precancer in general dental practice: results of a demonstration study 1 03 66-75 6 2020 10.1016/j.wjorl.2019.06.001 Kato MG Baek CH Chaturvedi P Gallagher R Kowalski LP Leemans CR Warnakulasuriya S et al World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Update on oral and oropharyngeal cancer staging - International perspectives 23 19 09 4632 14 2022 10.3390/cancers14194632 Ghantous Y Nashef A Sidransky D Abdelraziq M Alkeesh K Araidy S Koch W Brait M Abu El-Naaj I Cancers Clinical and Prognostic Significance of the Eighth Edition Oral Cancer Staging System 603740 2011 2011 10.1155/2011/603740 Tanaka T Ishigamori R Journal of Oncology Understanding carcinogenesis for fighting oral cancer 1 e53415 8 2013 10.1371/journal.pone.0053415 Listl S Jansen L Stenzinger A Freier K Emrich K Holleczek B Katalinic A Gondos A Brenner H PloS One Survival of patients with oral cavity cancer in Germany 10 9963 01 117-171 385 2015 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 Naghavi M Wang H Lozano R Davis A Liang X Zhou M et al Lancet (London, England) Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 p. 9. ISBN 9780952737766 2015 Sacker A Bartley M UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Social inequalities in oral health: from evidence to action (PDF) Jump up to:a b c d e f "Cancer of lip, oral cavity and pharynx. [online]". EUCAN. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017 Jump up to:a b "oral cancer statistics". CancerresearchUK. Retrieved 28 October 2014. 01 1 09 95-99 101 2002 10.1002/ijc.10577 Annertz K Anderson H Biörklund A Möller T Kantola S Mork J Olsen JH Wennerberg J International Journal of Cancer Incidence and survival of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in Scandinavia, with special reference to young adults 01 06 2057178X1770151 2 2017 10.1177/2057178X17701517 Diz Dios P Meleti M Diniz-Freitas M Vescovi P Warnakulasuriya S Johnson N Kerr A Translational Research in Oral Oncology Oral and pharyngeal cancer in Europe: Incidence, mortality and trends as presented to the Global Oral Cancer Forum 01 02 85-92 14 2008 10.1007/s12253-008-9021-4 Nemes J Redl P Boda R Kiss C Ildikó M Pathology oncology research : POR Oral Cancer Report from Northeastern Hungary 2 04 63-68 102 2009 Suba Z Mihályi S Takács D Gyulai-Gaál S Fogorvosi Szemle [Oral cancer: morbus Hungaricus in the 21st century] 2 03 65-74 6 2000 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00104.x Moore SR Johnson NW Pierce AM Wilson DF Oral Diseases The epidemiology of mouth cancer: a review of global incidence 4 12 613-619 6 2016 10.3126/nje.v6i4.17255 Gupta N Gupta R Acharya AK Patthi B Goud V Reddy S Garg A Singla A Nepal Journal of Epidemiology Changing Trends in oral cancer - a global scenario 10 5567-5577 14 2013 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5567 Krishna Rao SV Mejia G Roberts-Thomson K Logan R Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP Epidemiology of oral cancer in Asia in the past decade--an update (2000-2012) 01 01 2057178X17702921 2 2017 10.1177/2057178X17702921 Cheong SC Vatanasapt P Yi-Hsin Y Zain RB Kerr AR Johnson NW Translational Research in Oral Oncology Oral cancer in South East Asia: Current status and future directions 3 03 249-255 37 2016 10.15537/smj.2016.3.11388 Al-Jaber A Al-Nasser L El-Metwally A Saudi Medical Journal Epidemiology of oral cancer in Arab countries Jump up to:a b c d "All Cancers (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) Estimated Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012". International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2012. 6 05 e205-212 15 2014 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70115-9 Mallath MK Taylor DG Badwe RA Rath GK Shanta V Pramesh CS Digumarti R et al The Lancet. Oncology The growing burden of cancer in India: epidemiology and social context e845 10 48 7 2015 Varshitha A Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Prevalence of Oral Cancer in India 193–207 2018 10.1007/978-3-319-62642-0_8 Chapman DH Garsa A Springer International Publishing "Cancer of the Lip and Oral Cavity". In Hansen E, Roach III M (eds.). Handbook of Evidence-Based Radiation Oncology 20 36 12 4550-4559 31 2013 10.1200/JCO.2013.50.3870 Chaturvedi AK Anderson WF Lortet-Tieulent J Curado MP Ferlay J Franceschi S Rosenberg PS Bray F Gillison ML Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Worldwide trends in incidence rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers 3 09 349-359 59 2014 10.1111/adj.12198 Farah CS Simanovic B Dost F Australian Dental Journal Oral cancer in Australia 1982-2008: a growing need for opportunistic screening and prevention Burket LW Greenberg MS Glick M et al Burket’s oral medicine. 11th ed. Hamilton, Ont: BC Decker, 2008 National Cancer Institute, https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-andneck/patient/oral-prevention-pdq#section/ all (accessed 23 March 2018) Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention 4 252-271 64 2014 10.3322/caac.21235 DeSantis CE Lin CC Mariotto AB Siegel RL Stein KD Kramer JL Alteri R Robbins AS Jemal A CA: a cancer journal for clinicians Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2014 8 12 781-788 39 2003 10.1016/s1368-8375(03)00075-7 Onizawa K Nishihara K Yamagata K Yusa H Yanagawa T Yoshida H Oral Oncology Factors associated with diagnostic delay of oral squamous cell carcinoma 1 03 198-205 29 2014 10.1007/s13187-013-0536-3 Manrow RE Beckwith M Johnson LE Journal of Cancer Education: The Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Education NCI's Physician Data Query (PDQ®) cancer information summaries: history, editorial processes, influence, and reach http://ir.tdc.ac.jp/irucaa/ bitstream/10130/3988/1/8_33.pdf (accessed 17 May 2018 Clinical Statistical Study of exfoliative Cytology Performed During Oral Cancer Screening in Chiba City in the past 11 years 1 01 47-58 62 2018 10.1016/j.cden.2017.08.003 Mupparapu M Shanti RM Dental Clinics of North America Evaluation and Staging of Oral Cancer 76 1930 1930 Street W Cancer Facts & Figures 67-68 72 Suppl 1 1993 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01672.x Osterlind A Pharmacology & Toxicology Cancer and UV-radiation 9554768 2022 2022 10.1155/2022/9554768 Taghavirashidizadeh A Sharifi F Vahabi SA Hejazi A SaghabTorbati M Mohammed AS Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience WTD-PSD: Presentation of Novel Feature Extraction Method Based on Discrete Wavelet Transformation and Time-Dependent Power Spectrum Descriptors for Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease 23 02 132-134 2022 10.18502/acta.v60i2.8826 Kalani N Zare MR Safniyat S Hatami N Razavizadegan SA Acta Medica Iranica The First Case of the Subretinal Abscess After Sars-CoV2 Infection p. 99/222 2020 Mahmoudreza Moghimhanjani AT ‘Analysis of liver cancer detection based on image processing’, 7th International Conference On Modern Finding In Sciences And Technology With A Focused On Science In Development Services 5883 1 5887 13 2021 10.31838/ijpr/2021.13.01.766. Akbar D Mohammad S Alireza EP et al International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research The effect of multiple intravitreal bevacizumab injection on the human corneal endothelial cells 8 801-810 16 2023 10.2174/1874467216666221227105011 Khajeh S Ganjavi M Panahi G Zare M Zare M Tahami SM Razban V Current Molecular Pharmacology D-allose: Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Capacity in Cancer 4-5 394-401 45 2009 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.05.017 Shah JP Gil Z Oral Oncology Current concepts in management of oral cancer--surgery 01 3 08 301-311 60 1987 10.1002/1097-0142(19870801)60:3<301::aid-cncr2820600306>3.0.co;2-v Endicott N Jensen R Lyman G et al Cancer Adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced head and neck squamous carcinoma. Final report of the Head and Neck Contracts Program 3 09 242-246 9 2022 10.1055/s-0042-1756663 Singh H Patel V Global Medical Genetics Role of Molecular Targeted Therapeutic Drugs in Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Development and Current Strategies-A Review Article