Improved Antitumor Efficacy of Liposome-Encapsulated Selenium Nanoparticles

Overview: This investigation chronicles the phytogenic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and their subsequent entrapment within phospholipid liposomes to construct a precision nanovector for oral-squamous- cell-carcinoma therapy. Methods: The plant-derived SeNPs were loaded into liposomes via a thin-film hydration approach. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) assessed their hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential. Results: This nanoparticle was then sequestered via a thin-film-hydration protocol that yielded liposomes with a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 235 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.15. Dynamic-release profiling in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4, 37 °C) revealed a sustained discharge of 35 % of the payload over 62 h dramatically slower than the 95 % burst exhibited by free SeNPs attesting to the kinetic moderation conferred by the bilayer matrix. Functionally, MTT assays on an oral-cancer cell line demonstrated a 72 % reduction in viability after 24 h, significantly eclipsing the 38 % inhibition achieved by unencapsulated nanoparticles (p < 0.001). Conclusion: These data indicate that liposomal sequestration furnishes SeNPs with enhanced colloidal stability, protracted release dynamics, and markedly elevated in-vitro antineoplastic potency, thereby positioning the platform as a compelling, biocompatible candidate for targeted oral-cancer therapeutics and warranting subsequent in-vivo validation.

 Introduction

Today, a broad spectrum of scientific fields from biotechnology, nanotechnology, and materials science to machine learning, environmental engineering, and climate research are working together to solve complex challenges. This interdisciplinary convergence is delivering smart drugs and targeted delivery systems for cancer therapy, biocompatible materials for oral and bone tissue regeneration, optimized clean-energy Stirling engines, and high-resolution monitoring of natural hazards such as droughts and earthquakes. The result is better medical and dental care, higher industrial efficiency, greater environmental sustainability, and safer infrastructure evidence that the frontiers of knowledge are being harnessed to improve everyday life and drive future technologies across multiple domains [1-17]. Drawing on these studies, the deployment of cutting-edge technologies, artificial-intelligence algorithms, and advanced laboratory instrumentation has simultaneously boosted the safety and efficiency of civil infrastructure, enabled more accurate natural-hazard forecasting, and within medicine and dentistry leveraged advanced biomaterials, 3-D printing, and convolutional neural networks to improve implant design, deliver anticancer drugs with precision, and regenerate hard and soft tissues.

In parallel, AI‐driven analytics combined with temperature and pressure sensors are optimizing clean-energy systems and enhancing water-level and drought monitoring. This interdisciplinary convergence not only raises industrial efficiency and sustainability, but also provides society with more precise treatments, faster diagnoses, and safer infrastructure. Put simply, state-of-the-art techniques and devices are forging a seamless link between industry, medicine, and dentistry, charting new horizons for well-being and sustainable development [15, 18, 19-26]. The collective findings of these studies make it clear that the unprecedented pace of innovation in advanced technologies from artificial intelligence, deep learning, and bio-data analytics to nano-engineering, biotechnology, and micro-/nano-scale devices is redefining the frontiers of medical science and its allied fields. This interdisciplinary convergence is opening new horizons for faster, more accurate diagnostics, personalized therapies, and intelligent tissue-repair systems, while simultaneously charting a path toward better disease prevention, continuous health monitoring, and overall improvements in quality of life. Achieving this vision will demand deeper insight into biological mechanisms, the creation of novel computational methods, and the deployment of cutting-edge laboratory infrastructure [27-35]. Cancer is a complex, multifaceted disease that embraces many malignancies, notably colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, and oral cancer [36-42]. For cancer treatment, liposomes and niosomes are the most widely used carriers thanks to their biocompatibility and targeting ability, whereas metallic (gold, selenium) and polymeric (PBCA) nanoparticles are also employed to optimize drug release, minimize side effects, and enhance therapeutic efficacy [43-50]. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted considerable attention as antineoplastic agents due to their low inherent toxicity, antioxidative properties, and capacity to induce apoptosis selectively in cancer cells [51-53]. Moreover, green or “phytogenic” synthesis of SeNPs using plant-derived reducing extracts offers an environmentally benign and scalable route to biocompatible nanomaterials, often yielding particles with favorable stability and surface functionality [54, 55]. Nonetheless, unmodified SeNPs may still undergo premature clearance or aggregation in biological fluids, limiting their in-vivo efficacy [55, 56]. Liposomal encapsulation represents a well-established strategy to address these challenges. Phospholipid bilayers can entrap hydrophilic and hydrophobic payloads alike, provide steric stabilization, and afford tunable release profiles through bilayer composition and surface modification [57]. Liposomal formulations have been clinically validated in several oncological indications, demonstrating improved pharmacokinetics and reduced systemic toxicity [57]. By sequestering phytogenic SeNPs within liposomal carriers, it is possible to harness the cytocompatibility and antitumor activity of elemental selenium while optimizing nanoparticle stability, circulation time, and payload delivery [56, 58). we report the design, formulation, and in-vitro evaluation of a liposome-encapsulated SeNP platform tailored for OSCC treatment. We describe the green synthesis of SeNPs, their incorporation into phospholipid liposomes via thin-film hydration, and characterization of particle size, zeta potential, and release kinetics. Finally, we demonstrate the enhanced cytotoxic efficacy of the hybrid nanocarrier against an OSCC cell line, establishing a foundation for future in-vivo studies and potential translation into precision oral-cancer therapeutics.

 Materials and Methods <italic id="italic-1">Materials<italic id="italic-2"/></italic>

Lecithin, cholesterol, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), as well as organic solvents including ethanol, isopropanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Essential cell culture reagents such as RPMI 1640, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), phosphate- buffered saline (PBS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), the tetrazolium-based cell viability reagent MTT, and a 100× Penicillin–Streptomycin antibiotic solution were sourced from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line HSC-3 was supplied by the National Cell Bank of Iran (NCBI), affiliated with the Pasteur Institute of Iran, following standard authentication and quality control protocols.

<italic id="italic-3">Green Biosynthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs)<italic id="italic-4"/></italic>

Fresh aerial parts of Trifolium cherleri were sourced from the Iran Biological Resources Center, documented under herbarium accession code 1368, and taxonomically authenticated by a certified botanist. The collected plant material was air-dried in shaded, ventilated conditions to minimize oxidative and photolytic degradation. Once fully dried, it was ground using a laboratory-scale mechanical grinder to obtain a uniform, fine powder. For aqueous extraction, exactly 25 g of the powdered plant was infused in 120 mL of deionized water, followed by 24-hour maceration at ambient temperature to maximize the release of phytoconstituents. The mixture was subsequently filtered through Whatman filter paper (Merck, Germany) to remove insoluble residues, yielding a clear herbal extract. Selenium nanoparticles were synthesized via eco-friendly reduction using sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) as the precursor. A 1 mM solution of sodium selenite (250 mL) was prepared freshly under sterile laboratory conditions. To this solution, 20 mL of the clarified plant extract was added dropwise with gentle stirring at room temperature. A visible change in color ranging from pale yellow to orange-red served as a qualitative indicator of nanoparticle formation. The SeNPs were purified through repeated centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes, followed by triple washing with deionized water to remove residual phytochemicals and unreacted salts. Finally, the purified nanoparticles were freeze-dried and stored in moisture-free vials for further analyses and biomedical experimentation.

 <italic id="italic-ac8c2625f5721477076cab8c4632ce9f">Fabrication </italic> <italic id="italic-763289e102185b95be2ee0b45779d820">of Liposome-Encapsulated Selenium Nanoparticles<italic id="italic-38960487c5f446f33fc68e40300b5cdf"/></italic>

Encapsulation of SeNPs into liposomes was carried out using the thin-film hydration technique. Specifically, 110 mg of lecithin, 60 mg of cholesterol, and 10 mg of PEG 400 were dissolved in 8 mL of chloroform in a sterile glass vial. The lipid solution was vortexed thoroughly and subjected to rotary evaporation at 65°C and 140 rpm to evaporate the solvent and form a consistent thin lipid film on the inner wall of the evaporation flask. To hydrate the dried lipid layer, 8 mL of an aqueous SeNP dispersion (concentration: 0.8 mg/mL) prepared in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was added. The hydration step was carried out under mild heating (60°C) with continuous rotation at 100 rpm for 25 minutes, promoting the spontaneous assembly of lipid bilayers around the nanoparticles. The resulting multilamellar vesicles were processed by probe sonication for 4 minutes at 40% amplitude to produce a homogenous suspension of nanoscale liposomes. The final formulation was stored at 4°C for subsequent characterization studies focused on physicochemical stability and therapeutic performance.

<italic id="italic-1744f558844b8dd7cbb95b532fb1076e">Characterization of Nanoparticles<italic id="italic-68761a42ce57ae4aa513ecc2ff5e4878"/></italic>

The average particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the prepared nanoparticles were measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) with the aid of a Nano ZS3600 Zetasizer (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK), providing insights into their colloidal stability and size distribution.

<italic id="italic-d97f5f27bd6277ac4a0151853b3b56cd">In Vitro Drug Release Evaluation<italic id="italic-84ad4ac64425dae477f68a44dafd729f"/></italic>

The release behavior of selenium nanoparticle (SeNP) formulations was investigated using a dialysis-based diffusion method designed to mimic physiological conditions. Briefly, 2 mL of liposomal SeNPs and an equal volume of non-encapsulated (free) SeNPs were transferred into separate dialysis membranes (molecular weight cutoff: 12 kDa). Each dialysis bag was submerged in 20 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and maintained at 37 °C using a thermostatically controlled water bath. To facilitate uniform diffusion, the containers were placed on a magnetic stirrer with constant agitation throughout the experiment. At predetermined intervals (2, 5, 14, 22, 38, 56, and 62 hours), 2 mL aliquots were withdrawn from the external PBS medium and replaced immediately with an equal volume of pre-warmed fresh PBS to maintain sink conditions and ensure sustained drug release. The amount of released SeNPs in each sample was quantified by measuring absorbance at 265 nm using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. The cumulative release percentages were calculated and plotted over time, enabling direct comparison between the release kinetics of the liposome-encapsulated and free SeNPs formulations under identical conditions.

<italic id="italic-5">Assessment of Cytotoxicity<italic id="italic-6"/></italic>

To evaluate the cytotoxic potential of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in various formulations, including liposome-encapsulated SeNPs, free SeNPs, and unloaded liposomes, an MTT-based colorimetric assay was conducted on the HSC-3 oral squamous carcinoma cell line. Cells were seeded in 96-well plates at an initial density of 1 × 10⁴ cells per well and allowed to adhere and proliferate for 24 hours under standard culture conditions. Following this incubation, the cells were exposed to a range of concentrations (3.5 to 896 µg/ mL) of both liposomal and free SeNP formulations. After another 48-hour incubation period post-treatment, MTT reagent (5 mg/mL prepared in PBS) was added to each well and allowed to incubate for an additional 3 hours to facilitate the formation of formazan crystals. Subsequently, the medium was carefully aspirated, and 100 µL of DMSO was added to solubilize the crystals formed by metabolically active cells. Absorbance was recorded at 540 nm using a microplate spectrophotometer. Cell viability was calculated as a percentage relative to the untreated control group using the formula below:

Cell viability (%) = (Absorbance of treated cells / Absorbance of control cells) × 100

<italic id="italic-2b199ec56f7047b273cbb2dc0c532962">Statistical Analysis<italic id="italic-41c2f9ee5a922042380f67d1925af20f"/></italic>

All experiments were conducted in triplicate to ensure reproducibility. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism (version 8), employing one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for comparison among groups. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

 Results <italic id="italic-197368f0eb5e9124d8a68592ecb42f9a">Green Synthesis and Characterization of SeNPs and Liposomal Formulations<italic id="italic-7f3809076a506cf6c6158137e59033a0"/></italic>

To initiate the biosynthesis process, Trifolium cherleri powder was soaked in an aqueous medium for 24 hours to enable the efficient extraction of phytochemicals. The resulting extract was subsequently clarified through filtration using Whatman-grade filter paper. Upon gradual addition of the plant extract to a pre-prepared sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) solution at room temperature, a visible shift in color from light yellow to reddish-orange was observed, indicating the successful bioreduction of selenium ions and the formation of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The selenium nanoparticles were encapsulated using the thin-film hydration technique, resulting in liposomal formulations with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 235 ± 12 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.15 ± 0.02, and a zeta potential of approximately –28.6 ± 1.7 mV, indicating good colloidal stability and narrow size distribution (Table 1).

Parameter Measured Value Unit
Mean Hydrodynamic Diameter 235 ± 12 nm
Polydispersity Index (PDI) 0.15 ± 0.02 —
Zeta Potential –28.6 ± 1.7 mV

Zeta Potential –28.6 ± 1.7 mV

<italic id="italic-9598238cb37eb561fe076db52b7a2e74">Drug release evaluation<italic id="italic-5dc46214f28a4519bbd32865d5f7bc53"/></italic>

Figure 1 depicts the cumulative release behavior of free selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) versus those encapsulated within liposomes over a 62-hour period in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), simulating physiological conditions.

The results reveal a markedly slower release profile for liposomal SeNPs, with only approximately 35% of the payload released by the end of the experiment, in contrast to around 95% release from the free SeNPs. Notably, within the first 22 hours, 75% of free SeNPs diffused out, whereas liposomal SeNPs showed a restrained release of about 24%. The kinetic profile of the liposome-based formulation demonstrates a biphasic pattern: an initial burst release phase during the early hours (0–22 h), followed by a sustained, gradual release extending through the remainder of the study period. This sustained release behavior suggests that liposomal encapsulation effectively moderates drug diffusion, potentially enhancing the therapeutic window and reducing off-target effects.

<italic id="italic-ed5a2018bb24d82511162fddf758761f">In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation<italic id="italic-1788856f4513175991d36c55ec1e22b9"/></italic>

The cytotoxic effects of both free and liposome- encapsulated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were evaluated on the HSC-3 oral squamous carcinoma cell line using the MTT assay. As shown in Figure 2, liposomal SeNPs exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity compared to free SeNPs. After 24 hours of treatment, the liposome-loaded formulation reduced cell viability to 28 ± 4%, whereas the free SeNPs maintained a higher viability of 62 ± 3%. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001), indicating that liposomal encapsulation enhances the antiproliferative effect of SeNPs.

These findings suggest that the liposomal formulation facilitates improved cellular uptake or prolonged intracellular retention, thereby potentiating the therapeutic impact against oral cancer cells.

 Discussion

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains one of the most prevalent and aggressive malignancies of the head and neck region, accounting for over 90% of oral cancers [59, 60]. Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, OSCC continues to pose significant therapeutic challenges due to late diagnosis, local recurrence, metastasis, and treatment-related toxicity [61-63]. Conventional chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and paclitaxel, though widely used, often suffer from limited selectivity, poor bioavailability, and severe systemic side effects that compromise patient outcomes and quality of life [60, 64, 65]. In recent years, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems particularly liposomal carriers have gained considerable attention for their ability to overcome many of these limitations [66]. Liposomes are biocompatible, phospholipid-based vesicles capable of encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents. Their ability to prolong circulation time, enhance tumor-specific accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, and reduce nonspecific toxicity makes them ideal candidates for oral cancer therapeutics. Several studies have demonstrated that liposomal formulations of conventional anticancer agents can significantly enhance antitumor efficacy while minimizing damage to healthy tissues [67-69]. In this context, the present study introduces a novel formulation: green-synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) encapsulated within liposomes, aimed at improving OSCC treatment. The findings validate the hypothesis that encapsulating SeNPs in phospholipid liposomes not only improves their physicochemical stability but also significantly boosts their therapeutic performance [66, 70]. The green synthesis approach using Trifolium cherleri extract provided an eco-friendly and cost-effective route to produce biocompatible SeNPs [71]. The observed color change from pale yellow to orange-red upon mixing the extract with sodium selenite confirms successful bioreduction, consistent with previous phytogenic synthesis studies [72]. This method offers an alternative to conventional chemical synthesis, reducing the risk of toxic byproducts and supporting scalability for biomedical applications [73]. The thin-film hydration method yielded liposomal SeNPs with a uniform particle size of approximately 235 nm and a narrow PDI (~0.15), indicative of monodisperse nanoscale vesicles. A zeta potential of –28.6 mV suggests sufficient electrostatic repulsion to prevent aggregation, in line with colloidal stability requirements for drug delivery systems [74, 75]. A critical advantage of the liposomal formulation was the significantly slower release kinetics observed in the in vitro drug release study. While ~95% of free SeNPs diffused within 62 hours, the encapsulated formulation released only ~35% of the payload in the same duration. This biphasic release initial burst followed by sustained release demonstrates the controlled-release capabilities of the liposomal bilayer, potentially reducing systemic toxicity and maintaining therapeutic levels over time [76, 77]. Functionally, the cytotoxicity assessment confirmed that liposomal SeNPs exhibited markedly enhanced anticancer activity against the HSC-3 OSCC cell line, reducing cell viability to 28% after 24 hours. This is significantly superior to the 62% viability seen with free SeNPs (p < 0.001). Such improved potency may be attributed to enhanced cellular uptake via endocytosis of the liposomes, as well as prolonged intracellular retention compared to non-encapsulated nanoparticles. Moreover, the lack of significant cytotoxicity in unloaded liposomes reinforces the biocompatibility of the delivery vehicle [78-80]. These results are in strong agreement with prior reports demonstrating the utility of liposomal carriers for elemental selenium delivery. Similar studies using folic acid-modified liposomes or polysaccharide-coated SeNPs have also shown enhanced tumor selectivity and reduced off-target effects, underscoring the potential of surface-engineered systems in precision oncology [81]. Despite these promising in vitro outcomes, further research is necessary. The mechanism of cellular uptake, possible endosomal escape, and the role of phytoconstituents in mediating cytotoxicity remain unexplored. Moreover, in vivo validation in animal models is crucial to assess pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, tumor-targeting efficiency, and long-term toxicity. These data are essential prerequisites for clinical translation [82].

In summary, this study provides a compelling proof-of-concept that phytogenically synthesized SeNPs, when encapsulated in liposomes, exhibit enhanced colloidal stability, controlled release, and superior antitumor efficacy in vitro. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting nanotechnology- based drug delivery as a potent strategy for oral cancer treatment and lay the groundwork for future in vivo and clinical investigations.

Statements and Declarations

Funding

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Conflict of interests

The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Ethics approval

This study did not involve any original data collection or human subjects, and therefore, ethical approval was not required.

Consent

All authors have provided consent for publication.

References 12 12 e2300142 7 2023 10.1002/adbi.202300142 Ghahramanipour Z Alipour S Masoumi J Rostamlou A Hatami-Sadr A Heris JA Naseri B et al Advanced Biology Regulation of Dendritic Cell Functions by Vitamins as Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Immune System Disorders 01 1 08 113667 429 2023 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113667 Allahyarzadeh Khiabani N Amin Doustvandi M Mohammadnejad F Salmani Hassan Kohal E Boushehri N Jafarlou M Baradaran B Experimental Cell Research Combination of B7H6-siRNA and temozolomide synergistically reduces stemness and migration properties of glioblastoma cancer cells 10 12 2024 10.34172/ia.2023.06 Alizadeh N Kazemi T Hemmat N Jafarlou M Baradaran B ImmunoAnalysis, 3(1), 6-6. The Combination of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 Suppression Significantly Decreased the Expression Levels of Cancer Stem Cell Factors in the Pancreatic Cancer Cell Line 01 9 09 3291-3296 24 2023 10.31557/APJCP.2023.24.9.3291 Abedi Cham Heidari Z Ghanbarikondori P Mortazavi Mamaghani E Hheidari A Saberian E Mozaffari E Alizadeh M Allahyartorkaman M Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP Characteristics and Cytotoxic Effects of Nano-Liposomal Paclitaxel on Gastric Cancer Cells 0 1-12 0 10.1080/02286203.2025.2459989 Lashaki RA Raeisi Z Makki M Zare S International Journal of Modelling and Simulation Dendrite neural network scheme for estimating output power and efficiency for a class of solar free-piston Stirling engine 06 05 2025 10.1007/s00704-025-05448-5 Mirdarsoltany A Dariane AB Borhan MI Theoretical and Applied Climatology Comprehensive GIS-driven evaluation of drought severity and duration: comparative assessment of parametric and non-parametric SPI methodologies 12 04 2025 10.3390/hydrology11120209 Mirdarsoltany A Dariane AB Ghasemi M Farhoodi S Asadi R Moghaddam A Hydrology, 11(12), 209. Linking Land Use Change and Hydrological Responses: The Role of Agriculture in the Decline of Urmia Lake 14 6 06 802 16 2024 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060802 Saberian E Jenča A Petrášová A Zare-Zardini H Ebrahimifar M Pharmaceutics Application of Scaffold-Based Drug Delivery in Oral Cancer Treatment: A Novel Approach 19 12 06 1065 13 2024 10.3390/cells13121065 Saberian E Jenča A Zafari Y Jenča A Petrášová A Zare-Zardini H Jenčová J Cells Scaffold Application for Bone Regeneration with Stem Cells in Dentistry: Literature Review 14 04 2025 10.3390/biom14060719 Saberian Elham et al ResearchGate Comparative Analysis of Osteoblastic Responses to Titanium and Alumina-Toughened Zirconia Implants: An In Vitro Study 1463088 14 2024 10.3389/fonc.2024.1463088 Zare-Zardini H Saberian E Jenča A Ghanipour-Meybodi R Jenča A Petrášová A Jenčová J Frontiers in Oncology From defense to offense: antimicrobial peptides as promising therapeutics for cancer 3 2 2021 10.51737/2766-4813.2021.040 Saberian E et al SunText Review of Medical & Clinical Research Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Pulp Regeneration 10 3 07 251-263 12 2014 Najafizadeh J Kamalian M Jafari MK Khaji N International Journal of Civil Engineering Seismic Analysis of Rectangular Alluvial Valleys Subjected to Incident SV Waves By Using the Spectral Finite Element Method 18 21 2015 Najafizadeh, Jafar Mohsen Kamalian Mohammad Kazem Jafari Peyman Aminpour In Proceedings Of The 7th International Conference On Seismology & Earthquake Engineering Seismic Nonlinear Behaviour Of Rectangular Alluvial Valleys Subjected To Vertically Propagating Incident Sv Waves Using The Spectral Finite Element Method 2025 Pakniat, Shima Jafar Najafizadeh Monavvareh Kadkhodaavval World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025, 26(02), 856-867. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.26.2.1714 Machine learning for earthquake engineering analysis: Comparing regression models to predict peak ground acceleration 01 10 100491 29 2020 10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100491 Ghasemi H Rafiee HR Chemical Data Collections Study of solute-solvent interactions using volumetric properties for the ternary {L-Serine +H2O+NaBr, KBr, LiBr} solutions at different temperatures and ambient pressure 2 02 880-890 87 2025 10.1097/MS9.0000000000002914 Dehghani E Beba M Danandeh K Memari A Ershadmanesh MJ Rasoulian P Danandeh A Djafarian K Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) The effect of tart cherry juice (TCJ) supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in an athletic population 1467 1482 48 2024 Jalili J, J Moosavi M M Pakniat S Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng A newly generated seismic ground response analysis software package - SeisGRASP - by International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology 01 3 08 11-24 23 2021 10.48303/jsee.2023.1990039.1052 Pakniat S Moosavi M Jalili J Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Effect of Seismic Site Response on Damage Distribution in Sarpol-e Zahab City Caused by 12 November 2017 Mw 7.3 Strong Ground Motion: Fooladi area 01 2 05 89-101 17 2015 Aminpour P Najafizadeh J Kamalian M Jafari MK Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Seismic Response of 2D Triangular-Shaped Alluvial Valleys to Vertically Propagating Incident SV Waves 20 02 148043 896 2024 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148043 Hosseinkhani N Hemmat N Baghbani E Baghbanzadeh A Kazemi T Mokhtarzadeh A Jafarlou M Amin Doustvandi M Baradaran B Gene Dual silencing of tumor-intrinsic VISTA and CTLA-4 stimulates T-cell mediated immune responses and inhibits MCF7 breast cancer development 2 395-399 29 2015 Saedi T. A. Ghafourian S. Jafarlou M. Sabariah M. N. Ismail P. Eusni R. M. T. Othman F. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents Berberis Vulgaris Fruit Crude Extract As A Novel Anti-Leukaemic Agent 11 1 04 535 25 2025 10.1186/s12903-025-05704-0 Lashaki RA Raeisi Z Razavi N Goodarzi M Najafzadeh H BMC Oral Health Optimized classification of dental implants using convolutional neural networks and pre-trained models with preprocessed data 21 01 3153 16 2024 10.3390/w16213153 Sharafkhani F Corns S Holmes R Water Multi-Step Ahead Water Level Forecasting Using Deep Neural Networks 01 06 125889 268 2025 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125889 Aali M Mansouri M Raeisi Z Lashaki RA Tavakoli S Applied Thermal Engineering Introducing a novel temperature measurement to analyze the effect of hybrid cooling methods on improving solar panel performance: An experimental approach 27 04 115479 484 2025 10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115479 Taebi M Taghavizanjani F Parsaei M Ershadmanesh M Beikmarzehei A Gorjestani O Rezaei Z Hasanzadeh A Moghaddam HS Behavioural Brain Research Chronic effects of tobacco smoking on electrical brain activity: A systematic review on electroencephalography studies 20406223231153572 14 2023 10.1177/20406223231153572 Afrashteh Nour M Ghorbaninezhad F Asadzadeh Z Baghbanzadeh A Hassanian H Leone P Jafarlou M Alizadeh N Racanelli V Baradaran B Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease The emerging role of noncoding RNAs in systemic lupus erythematosus: new insights into the master regulators of disease pathogenesis 1338726 5 2024 10.3389/ffunb.2024.1338726 Jafarlou M Frontiers in Fungal Biology Unveiling the menace: a thorough review of potential pandemic fungal disease 29 2 05 183-189 9 2024 10.31557/apjcb.2024.9.2.183-189 Afyouni I Ghanbarikondori Pa Pour NS Hashemian PM Jalali F Sedighi A Allahyartorkaman M Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology Studying the Characteristics of Curcumin-Loaded Liposomal Nanoparticles 12 11 03 1202-1207 8 2014 10.5897/AJMR2014.6667 Mirzaei B Torkaman MRA Babaei R Shahcheraghi* F African Journal of Microbiology Research First report of isolation and identification of Brevundimonase (Pseudomonas) diminuta from collected nasopharyngeal specimens in suspected patients to pertussis 1 01 e70373 8 2025 10.1002/hsr2.70373 Dastenaie FD Javaheri FSH Masoumvand M Manesh MAN Moghadam MA Khosravi M Esfehani AJ Health Science Reports Common Dietary Patterns Among Female Employees Participating in the Persian Cohort Study (Mashhad) and Their Relationship With Metabolic Syndrome 11 04 2025 10.2174/0115734021351456250326051146 Dehghani S Karimi P Tarei NM Masoumvand M Manesh MAN Ramezani E Askari VR Current Hypertension Reviews Comparison of the Effect of Intermittent Fasting with Mediterranean Diet on Glycemic, Lipid, and Anthropometric Indices in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials 5 05 999-1010 40 2021 10.1002/jum.15476 Moghaddam ZH Mokhtari-Dizaji M Movahedin M Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine: Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine Effect of Acoustic Cavitation on Mouse Spermatogonial Stem Cells: Colonization and Viability 1–5 2023 10.1109/EICEEAI60672.2023.10590358 Mohammadigilani A Attar H Chimeh HE Karami M Enhanced LSTM by attention mechanism for early detection of Parkinson’s disease through voice signals. In: 2023 2nd int. eng. conf. electr. energy, artif. intell 1 4 2024 10.1109/DCAS61159.2024.10539863 Pour MR Tan JY Saha R Kim A Kim J IEEE pH-Responsive Microneedle Actuator Array for Precise Wound Healing: Design, Actuation, Light Filtering, and Evaluation. In 2024 IEEE 17th Dallas Circuits and Systems Conference (DCAS) 2025 10.31557/apjcn.1796.20250504 Maryam Arabmoorchegan Mahsa Abbasi Mahya Asadalizadeh Forough Motavaf APJCN Integrative Cancer Care: Leveraging Nutrition and Positive Psychology for Optimal Outcomes 2 03 404-409 12 2022 10.34172/apb.2022.040 Mohammadian M Rostamzadeh Khameneh Z Emamgholizadeh Minaei S Ebrahimifar M Esgandari K Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin Regulatory Effects of Apatinib in Combination with Piperine on MDM-2 Gene Expression, Glutathione Peroxidase Activity and Nitric Oxide level as Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity in Colorectal Cancer Cells 3 06 240-249 16 2021 10.4103/1735-5362.314822 Taghvaei F Rastin SJ Milani AT Khameneh ZR Hamini F Rasouli MA Asghari K Rekabi Shishavan AM Ebrahimifar M Rashidi S Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences Carboplatin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate synergistically induce cytotoxic effects in esophageal cancer cells 29 1 05 103-111 7 2024 10.31557/apjec.2024.7.1.103-111 Maddahi M Ghanbarikondori P Amiri F Abdi N Jahromi AM Pour NS Allahyartorkaman M Moazzam F Asian Pacific Journal of Environment and Cancer Environmental Determinants of Oral Cancer Development: An Overview 2 04 211-217 40 2025 10.1007/s12291-024-01239-3 Ghanbarikondori P Aliakbari RBS Saberian E Jenča A Petrášová A Jenčová J Khayavi AA Indian journal of clinical biochemistry: IJCB Enhancing Cisplatin Delivery via Liposomal Nanoparticles for Oral Cancer Treatment 03 569 4 577 12 9 2024 10.31557/apjcb.2024.9.4.569-577 Rezaei, Fatemeh Tara Fesharakinia Soheil Balsini Gavanaroudi Maryam Rezaeianjam Mahyar Khanlari Goodarzi Maasoume Abdollahi Kiomars Akaberi Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology Utilizing Niosome Nanoparticles for the Combined Treatment of Curcumin and Cisplatin in Oral Cancer 63 1 70 10 2025 10.31557/apjcb.2025.10.1.63-70 Salehan F Mohammadi Y Shieh M Askarizadeh M Rahmani S Alishahi F Hheidari A Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology Folic Acid-Conjugated Nanoniosomes: An Effective Carrier for Targeted Bleomycin Delivery in Oral Cancer 07 2 05 293-299 10 2025 10.31557/apjcb.2025.10.2.293-299 Moravedeh R Samadnezhad NZ Asadalizadeh M Abbasi M Nadaki A Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology Enhanced Anticancer Potential of Curcumin-Loaded Liposomal Nanoparticles in Oral Cancer Treatment 01 4 10 754-771 11 2021 10.22052/JNS.2021.04.013 Semyari S Azizi S Kundu D Boroumandmoghaddam A Moniri M Ebrahimifar M Toofani Milani A Journal of Nanostructures A Review of Poly Butyl Cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles as a Cancer Drug Delivery and Targeting 113 118 7 2016 Izadi M Shahemabadi HE Kanaani L Sardari KA Ebrahimifar M Safdari F Moradi-Sardareh H Adv Biores Investigation the characteristics of carboplatin loaded onto pegylated liposomal nanoparticles on the rat Glioma cell line C6 1535793 13 2025 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1535793 Saberian E Jenčová J Jenča A Jenča A Salehipoor F Zare-Zardini H Petrášová A et al Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology Bleomycin-loaded folic acid-conjugated nanoliposomes: a novel formulation for targeted treatment of oral cancer 15 2 08 113681 429 2023 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113681 Vasefifar P Najafi S Motafakkerazad R Amini M Safaei S Najafzadeh B Alemohammad H Jafarlou M Baradaran B Experimental Cell Research Targeting Nanog expression increased Cisplatin chemosensitivity and inhibited cell migration in Gastric cancer cells 26 4 11 561-568 9 2024 10.31557/apjcb.2024.9.4.561-568 Shakiba D Shabestari AM Mokhtari T Goodarzi MK Saeed S Zinatbakhsh Z Akaberi K Allahyartorkaman M Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology Nanoliposomes Meet Folic Acid: A Precision Delivery System for Bleomycin in Cancer Treatment 1 6 2025 10.1007/s12291-025-01321-4 Amiri F Alishahi F Mohammadifar G Izadidehkordi S Charmduzi F Dialameh F Khiyavi AA Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry Enhanced Anticancer Efficacy of Selenium Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Niosomes: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy 10 2 04 515-519 22 2024 10.61186/ijrr.22.2.515 Neshastehriz A. Hormozi-Moghaddam Z. Amini S. M. Taheri S. M. Abedi Kichi Z. International Journal of Radiation Research Combined sonodynamic therapy and X-ray radiation with methylene blue and gold nanoparticles coated with apigenin: Impact on MCF7 cell viability 15 1 11 26-31 67 2008 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.07.010 Chen T Wong Y Zheng W Bai Y Huang L Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces Selenium nanoparticles fabricated in Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharide solutions induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in A375 human melanoma cells 12 192-200 95 2016 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.08.002 Srivastava P Kowshik M Enzyme and Microbial Technology Anti-neoplastic selenium nanoparticles from Idiomarina sp. PR58-8 11 6 06 1954-1962 4 2018 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00362 Li F Li T Han X Zhuang H Nie G Xu H ACS biomaterials science & engineering Nanomedicine Assembled by Coordinated Selenium-Platinum Complexes Can Selectively Induce Cytotoxicity in Cancer Cells by Targeting the Glutathione Antioxidant Defense System 01 03 104359 78 2021 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104359 Tang X Yu S Guo X Li H Chen M Zhang T Lei C Zhao Z Meng H Journal of Functional Foods Betacyanins functionalized selenium nanoparticles inhibit HepG2 cells growth via mitochondria-mediated pathway 2351 13 2358 4 2016 10.1039/C5TB02710A Nie T Wu H Wong K Chen T Journal of materials chemistry. B Facile synthesis of highly uniform selenium nanoparticles using glucose as the reductant and surface decorator to induce cancer cell apoptosis 987807 9 2022 10.3389/fnut.2022.987807 Gao X Yao Y Chen X Lin X Yang X Ho C Li B Chen Z Frontiers in Nutrition Lentinan-functionalized selenium nanoparticles induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human colon carcinoma HCT-116 cells 12 126549 62 2020 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126549 Menon S Shanmugam VK Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology: organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) Chemopreventive mechanism of action by oxidative stress and toxicity induced surface decorated selenium nanoparticles 13 10 03 2865-2876 67 2019 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00193 Zeng D Zhao J Luk K Cheung S Wong K Chen T Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Potentiation of in Vivo Anticancer Efficacy of Selenium Nanoparticles by Mushroom Polysaccharides Surface Decoration 2021 Riskayanti NPD Riyanto D Winias S Intisari Sains Medis Manajemen multidisiplin Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC): laporan kasus. 10 10 981-1006 41 2021 10.1002/cac2.12194 Meng X Lou Q Yang W Wang Y Chen R Wang L Xu T Zhang L Cancer Communications (London, England) The role of non-coding RNAs in drug resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma and therapeutic potential 1 03 82-84 13 2018 10.1016/j.jds.2017.05.004 Chiang T Ho C Lin C Chen Y Journal of Dental Sciences Complete remission in very advanced oral cancer by docetaxel, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil based induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation 761379 11 2021 10.3389/fonc.2021.761379 Cheng Y Li S Gao L Zhi K Ren W Frontiers in Oncology The Molecular Basis and Therapeutic Aspects of Cisplatin Resistance in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma 2 02 116-123 44 2008 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.01.006 Freier K Engel M Lindel K Flechtenmacher C Mühling J Hassfeld S Hofele C Oral Oncology Neoadjuvant concurrent radiochemotherapy followed by surgery in advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC): a retrospective analysis of 207 patients 15 4 07 942-947 53 2002 10.1016/s0360-3016(02)02816-x Abitbol A Abdel-Wahab M Lewin A Troner M Rodrigues M Hamilton-Nelson KL Markoe A International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics Phase II study of tolerance and efficacy of hyperfractionated radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and paclitaxel (Taxol) in stage III and IV inoperable and/or unresectable head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma: A-2 protocol 714551 11 2021 10.3389/fonc.2021.714551 Carinato H Burgy M Ferry R Fischbach C Kalish M Guihard S Brahimi Y et al Frontiers in Oncology Weekly Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, and Cetuximab as First-Line Treatment of Recurrent and/or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma for Patients Ineligible to Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy: A Retrospective Monocentric Study in 60 Patients 6 1223-1246 5 2024 10.37349/etat.2024.00272 Chaudhary AA Fareed M Khan S Alneghery LM Aslam M Alex Ar Rizwanullah M Exploration of Targeted Anti-Tumor Therapy Exploring the therapeutic potential of lipid-based nanoparticles in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma 30 7 06 302 11 2019 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070302 Ketabat F Pundir M Mohabatpour F Lobanova L Koutsopoulos S Hadjiiski L Chen X et al Pharmaceutics Controlled Drug Delivery Systems for Oral Cancer Treatment-Current Status and Future Perspectives 05 4 04 795 14 2022 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040795 Pandey M Choudhury H Ying JNS Ling JFS Ting J Ting JSS Zhia Hwen IK et al Pharmaceutics Mucoadhesive Nanocarriers as a Promising Strategy to Enhance Intracellular Delivery against Oral Cavity Carcinoma 25 1 07 11984 13 2023 10.1038/s41598-023-38230-6 Elsaady SA Aboushelib MN Al-Wakeel E Badawi MF Scientific Reports A novel intra-tumoral drug delivery carrier for treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma 41 e202403676 9 2024 10.1002/slct.202403676 Tarhan T ChemistrySelect A Detailed Review on the Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts and Their Anticancer Applications 15 04 11-25 2024 10.54392/irjmt2432 Yasodha S Vickram A.s Rajeshkumar S International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles: Characterization and Therapeutic Applications in Microbial and Cancer Treatments 2023 Veeraraghavan VP Chandran ABS Manivannan HP et al. Texila Int J Public Health Synthesis, characterisation, and in vitro biocompatibility studies of selenium nanoparticles synthesized using Hybanthus enneaspermus plant extract 09 12 2024 10.1007/s40097-021-00435-4 Pyrzyńska K Sentkowska A J Nanostruct Chem Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using plant extracts 01 01 100121 7 2025 10.1016/j.nxnano.2024.100121 Chirakara D Lotlikar S Nannan M Dunna NR Venkatabalasubramanian S Next Nanotechnology Exploring the liposomal encapsulation and enhanced cytotoxicity of selenium nanoparticles against lung cancer cells 26 5 10 41-44 5 2016 llll Khan W Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Characteristics of liposome used for drug delivery system 01 9 09 5295-5304 20 2020 10.1166/jnn.2020.17882 Xuan G Zhang M Chen Y Huang S Lee I Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Design and Characterization of a Cancer-Targeted Drug Co-Delivery System Composed of Liposomes and Selenium Nanoparticles 1 02 169-177 46 2018 10.1080/21691401.2017.1304403 Haghiralsadat F Amoabediny G Helder MN Naderinezhad S Sheikhha MH Forouzanfar T Zandieh-Doulabi B Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology A comprehensive mathematical model of drug release kinetics from nano-liposomes, derived from optimization studies of cationic PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin formulations for drug-gene delivery 01 56 11 3775-3782 1 2016 10.1557/adv.2016.335 Hassan C Webster TJ MRS Advances Selective Cytotoxicities of Red-Allotrope Selenium Nanoparticles and Polyethylene Glycol Towards Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Comparison to Human Dermal Fibroblasts 1 11 1549-1564 24 2017 10.1080/10717544.2017.1386729 Pi J Jiang J Cai H Yang F Jin H Yang P Cai J Chen ZW Drug Delivery GE11 peptide conjugated selenium nanoparticles for EGFR targeted oridonin delivery to achieve enhanced anticancer efficacy by inhibiting EGFR-mediated PI3K/AKT and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways 01 110100 106 2020 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110100 Xia Y Xiao M Zhao M Xu T Guo M Wang C Li Y Zhu B Liu H Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications Doxorubicin-loaded functionalized selenium nanoparticles for enhanced antitumor efficacy in cervical carcinoma therapy 1 12 12 2021 Mohamed LMK Farag DBE Beherei H AbuBakr N BioNanoScience The anticancer effect of magnetic selenium-based nanocomposites on tongue carcinoma stem cells 771-776 5 2018 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.07.003 Abd El-Moneim OM Abd El-Rahim AH Hafiz NA Toxicology Reports Evaluation of selenium nanoparticles and doxorubicin effect against hepatocellular carcinoma rat model cytogenetic toxicity and DNA damage