Capacity of Thymidylate Synthase and Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase mRNA Expression to Predict Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response of 5fu Regimen in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Chemotherapy is an important component of colorectal cancer treatment. Despite its success in inducing tumor cell death, chemotherapy has been constrained by resistance and adverse side effects. Therefore, predictive markers are required to ensure that the appropriate chemotherapy is administered based on the individual patient. This study aimed to correlate the mRNA expression of the TS and DPD genes with the tumor and CEA responses to the 5FU chemotherapy regimen. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a prognostic test design. Measurements of tumor mass and tissue sampling were done prior to chemotherapy. CT scans were performed to measure tumor size pre-chemotherapy and after two cycles of treatment with a lag time of three weeks. The mRNA expression of the TS and DPD genes was then evaluated in each group. Results: The mean value of the mRNA expression of the TS gene (9.555±1.693) showed an insignificant correlation with clinical response p=0.195 (p<0.05). However, the mean value of the mRNA expression of the DPD gene (7.461±1.088) was significantly correlated with clinical response p=0.003 (p<0.05). Conclusion: DPD mRNA can be considered a marker of chemotherapy responsiveness when choosing a chemotherapy regimen.

 Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common malignancy in men and the third most common in women worldwide [1]. CRC has a global incidence of 1 million new cases and a mortality of half a million people annually. In Indonesia, the incidence of colorectal cancer incidence in 2020 is 12.8 cases per 100,000 population, and it is increasing each year [2]. Local recurrence after treatment is reported in 3–32 % of patients [3, 4].

Chemotherapy is an important component of colorectal cancer therapy. Although it has proven successful in inducing tumor cell death, chemotherapy has been constrained by chemo-resistance and adverse side effects. For over five decades, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been incorporated into many standard CRC chemotherapy treatments [3]. Adverse reactions to 5-FU-based chemotherapy have been reported to be caused by genetic variants of the drug-related thymidylate synthase (TS; TYMS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD; DPYD) genes. Thymidylate synthase is an important target for chemotherapeutic drugs such as 5-FU and methotrexate; however, the overexpression of TS can cause resistance to targeted treatments. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the catabolic enzyme of 5-FU and is related to the chemotherapy responsiveness to 5-FU [5, 6]. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the correlation between the expression of the mRNA of the TS and DPD genes and the tumor and CEA responses to the 5-FU chemotherapy regimen.

Materials and Methods

This research involved a cross-sectional study at the surgery clinic of Bahtera Mas Hospital, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia covering the period between January 2023 and October 2023. The Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Hasanuddin approved the research protocols (number: 90/UN4.6.4.5.31/PP36/2024) on February 20, 2024. This study was registered with the Thai Research Registry (TCTR20240618004) and was conducted in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.

The sample size was determined using the formula designed for testing the hypothesis of the difference in means of two independent populations, using a minimum of 30 participants [7, 8]. The inclusion criteria consisted of patients with Stage III or IV colorectal cancer, histopathology results obtained through biopsy showing adenocarcinoma, and a willingness to undergo adjuvant chemotherapy with a regimen of capecitabine and oxaliplatin. The exclusion criteria were damaged tissue samples, patients who refused chemotherapy follow-up, and pathology results showing signet ring cell or mucinous carcinoma.

<italic id="italic-1">Research</italic> <italic id="italic-2" /> <italic id="italic-3">procedure<italic id="italic-4"/></italic>

We performed biomolecular examinations of patient samples pre- and post-chemotherapy. Tumor mass and tissue measurements were conducted prior to chemotherapy, and CT scans were performed to measure tumor size pre-chemotherapy and after two cycles of chemotherapy with a lag time of three weeks. The measurements were repeated after four cycles of chemotherapy.

The clinical responses of the patients were measured based on the tumor size differences pre- and post- chemotherapy. The percentage change was interpreted based on the response evaluation criteria in solid tumor (RECIST 1.1) criteria. A non-responsive result was determined when the disease was considered stable or progressive (tumor size decreased <30 %), tumor size was maintained or increased, or new tumors were found. A responsive result was defined as a partial or complete response if the tumor mass disappeared, the tumor size decreased by ≥30%, and no new tumors were found.

The Bahtera Mas Hospital samples were sent to the Microbiology Laboratory at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi for qRT-PCR examination. Tissue samples were immediately placed into container bottles containing “L6” solution (consisting of 120 g of guanidine thiocyanate (GuSCN) in 100 mL 0.1 M Tris HCl pH 6.4, 22 mL 0.2 M.

Ethylenediamine Tetra-Acetate (EDTA) pH 8.0, and 2.6 g Triton X-100 to a final concentration of 50 mM Tris HCl, 5 M GuSCN, 20 mM EDTA, 0.1 % Triton X-100) [9].

<italic id="italic-610a97973f3ba00f87414d19705e5d01">The qRT-PCR Procedure (Boom Method)<italic id="italic-ea908fa4f32c47ef2b2e165a863c17f9"/></italic>

We used a quantitative real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA) using Power SYBR Green. The 50 μL reaction mix containing 25 μL Premix Ex Taq (2×, TaKaRa), 1 μL ROX reference Dye II (50×, TaKaRa), 1 μL PCR forward primer (10 μM), 1 μL PCR reverse primer (10 μM), 4 μL cDNA, and 18 μL dH2O was transferred to 96-well plates. The primary sequences to detect TS mRNA were the reverse primer, Thymidylate Synthase: forward, 5′-GCC AGA ATC TGT TCG CTT CAA C-3′ , reverse, 5′-AGG AAA CTG AGT GCC GGC TT-3′; and the reference gene(β-actin gene): forward, 5′-CCT CCA TCA TCC TCT GTT CTA CTC T-3′, and reverse, 5′-TGC TCT CAT ATG CAG AAG CTA GAA A-3′. The primary sequences to detect DPD were the reverse primer: 5ʹ-CTTTGGGTGCGACTTGACG-3ʹ and 5ʹ-GTCGACCCCGCTCCTTTT-3ʹ; and GAPDH, primers sequences: 5ʹ-AACAGCGACACCCACTCCTC- 3ʹ and 5ʹ-GGAGGGGAGATTCAGTGTGGT-3ʹ. [9] We performed the analysis in triplicate and the standard curve indicated good efficiency of amplification (90–100 %). We then determined the cut-off for each gene expression level using an ROC curve analysis.

<italic id="italic-662929fef63927dcd067e8108af497ea">Statistical Analysis<italic id="italic-2540b14cf888dee71adb2526be52963b"/></italic>

The statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The Wilcoxon signed test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman rho test were used. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. After obtaining the results of the qRT-PCR examination of the TS and DPD genes, the cut-off was determined using an ROC analysis and the AUC.

 Results <italic id="italic-4127709e82885eb4ac3bd37f2a11a7e9">Patient Characteristics<italic id="italic-52c74fcbde8dd0e3471911e7a0325cae"/></italic>

Forty-two patients met the study criteria and were sampled; however, 6 withdrew, leaving 36 participants for the analysis (Table 1).

n (%) Mean (SD)
Variable Category
Sex Men 24 (66.7)
Women 12 (33.3)
Age (years) ≤50 25 (69.4) 41.52 (5.38)
>50 11 (30.6) 55.00 (41.23)
Tumor size (cm) Pre-chemotherapy 36 13.28 (4.77)
Post-chemotherapy 36 9.28 (4.74)
Chemotherapy response Responsive 18 (50.0)
Non-responsive 18 (50.0)
Low 16 (44.4)
Grading Moderate 17 (47.3)
High 3 (8.3)

Of these, 24 (66.7 %) were male and 25 (69.4 %) were ≤50 years old; the mean age was 46 years. Seventeen participants (47.2 %) had tumors in the rectum, 7 (19.4 %) in the ascending colon, 7 (19.4%) in the sigmoid colon, 3 (8.3 %) in the transverse colon, and 2 (5.6 %) had tumors in the descending colon. Most of the patients (44.4 %) had low-grade cancer. The CEA response, which is a biomarker indicator, revealed that 14 people (38.9 %) had good responses to the treatment. However, based on tumor size, only 18 patients (50 %) were chemotherapy responsive. The statistical analysis showed a significant association between sex (p = 0.014), pathological result (p = 0.046), CEA response (p = 0.048), tumor response (p = 0.007), and clinical response (p < 0.05).

 <italic id="italic-edf3494972fbfbe5f61d38aa0544f6a3">Tumor Size and CEA with Chemotherapy Response<italic id="italic-4569def31f5d9b35b9f3cea36cd5c97c"/></italic>

The statistical analysis showed a significant decrease in tumor size and CEA level after the administration of chemotherapy compared to those values before treatment (p<0.05) (Table 2).

Variable Pre-chemotherapy Post-chemotherapy p-value*
(Mean ± SD) (Mean ± SD)
Tumor size (cm) 9.53 ± 3.80 6.50 ± 3.30 <0.001
CEA (ng/mL) 8.67 ± 6.02 6.30 ± 5.70 <0.001

Note, *Wilcoxon test

In addition, we analyzed the mean differences in tumor size reduction and CEA decrease between the responsive and non-responsive groups (Table 3).

Variable Chemotherapy Response p-value*
Responsive Non-Responsive
(Mean ± SD) (Mean ± SD)
Δ Tumor Size (cm) 2.14 ± 1.56 2.52 ± 2.12 0.81
Δ CEA (ng/mL) 1.36 ± 1.74 4.09 ± 2.65 <0.001

Note, Mann-Whitney U test

The difference in biomarkers based on chemotherapy response in colorectal carcinoma.

The Mann-Whitney U test revealed that the mRNA levels of the TS gene did not differ significantly (p>0.05); therefore, the mRNA of the TS gene was not able to distinguish patients based on their responsiveness to chemotherapy (Table 4).

Biomarker Responsive Non-Responsive p-value*
Median Min/Max Median Min/Max
TS mRNA gene 9 7.5/13.1 8.95 8.3/13.5 0.584
DPD mRNA gene 7.73 4.5/11.2 8.13 4.7/11.5 0.037

*Mann-Whitney U test

However, the mRNA levels of the DPD gene differed significantly (p<0.05), whereby the mRNA levels of the DPD gene were lower in the responsive patients than those in the non-responsive participants (median 7.73 vs 8.13, respectively).

<italic id="italic-fc0eab890585771aa6202a0bd7fc3f89">The Influence of mRNA Expression of the TS and DPD <italic id="italic-add4727ec61b0827df2e744a801d2b52"/></italic> <italic id="italic-5">Genes on Tumor Size Change<italic id="italic-6"/></italic>

The correlation analysis (Table 5), based on the Spearman correlation coefficient (r) and p-value, revealed no significant correlation between mRNA expression of the TS gene and change in tumor size (r=-0.143, p=0.406).

Variable Correlation coefficient (r) p-value
TS gene mRNA -0.143 0.406
DPD gene mRNA -0.296 0.08
Combined mRNA of TS and DPD genes -0.163 0.342

Note; r=Spearman

Similarly, there was no significant relationship between mRNA expression of the DPD gene and change in tumor size (r=-0.296, p=0.080).

Furthermore, the combination of the two genes returned similar results, whereby the correlation with tumor size was not significant (r=-0.163, p=0.342). Therefore, mRNA expression of the TS and DPD genes had no influence on tumor size change in this study.

 <italic id="italic-f383881679b22a6495679b88934540b4">mRNA Expression of TS Gene and Chemotherapy Response<italic id="italic-28f15f8dd126090a5981124c4a27cded"/></italic>

The ROC analysis showed a cut-off of TS mRNA expression at 8.66 with a sensitivity of 72.7 %, a specificity of 92.9 %, and an accuracy of 55.6 % (Figure 1).

The mean value of mRNA expression of the TS gene was 9.555±1.693. In the chemotherapy-responsive group, the median value of mRNA expression of the TS gene was 9 (7.5–13.1), whereas the median value was 8.95 (8.3–13.5) in the non-responsive group. The mRNA expression of the TS gene was not significantly associated with clinical response (p=0.195). Similarly, no significant correlation was found between the TS gene mRNA and tumor size change (r=-0.143, p=0.406).

<italic id="italic-b6d444217de463b958c16e7918f7f7c8">mRNA Expression of DPD Gene and Chemotherapy Response<italic id="italic-1c035fe6f97cdf1d496e7c5768a04917"/></italic>

After obtaining the results of the qRT-PCR examination of the DPD gene, the cut-off was determined using an ROC analysis and the AUC. The cut-off of DPD mRNA expression was 7.59 with a sensitivity of 63.6 %, a specificity of 92.9 %, and an accuracy of 70.4 % (Figure 2).

The mean value of mRNA expression of the DPD gene was 7.461±1.088. The chemotherapy-responsive and non-responsive groups showed median mRNA expression values of the DPD gene of 7.73 (4.5–11.2) and 8.13 (4.7–11.5), respectively. The DPD gene mRNA expression was significantly associated with clinical response (p=0.003), although no significant correlation was found between DPD gene mRNA and tumor size change (r=-0.296, p=0.080).

Discussion

The results of this study showed a significant association between sex (p=0.014), pathological result (p=0.046), CEA response (p=0.048), tumor response (p=0.007), and clinical response (p<0.05). Age is a major risk factor for CRC, and this was confirmed in this study, as the number of CRC cases increased in individuals over the age of 40 years. Previous studies have found that CRC cases rarely occur before the age of 40, begin to increase between the ages of 40 and 50, and decrease in older groups [10-17]. The increase in the incidence of CRC is highly affected by screening, and since many cancers are first detected by screening at the age of 50 years, CRC screening should begin at this age [12]. Regarding stage stratification, many cases of invasive cancer are identified in patients over 49 years of age due to late diagnosis [16]. The morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer in individuals over 49 are increasing, in which 29 % to 30 % have a 5-year mortality rate and require surgery and chemotherapy. Sanoff et al. found that the response to 5FU-Oxaliplatin chemotherapy was dependent on age, with increased survival in patients under 75 years [18].

This study found that male sex was associated with chemotherapy response (p=0.014). Previous studies have shown a lower survival rate in women than men [19], which is possibly a result of genetic and epigenetic differences in the sexes. Women show a higher percentage of developing tumors in the cecum from high levels of CIMP from the rectum to the cecum [20], and PIK3CA mutations are more common in women, which is associated with poor survival [21]. CRC screening results in women often find larger polyp sizes than those in men, and clinical treatment studies show that a high percentage of women experience recurrence after 5FU-oxaliplatin chemotherapy and persistent amenorrhea for one year after treatment, which can affect menopause and fertility [22].

In this study, tumor location was not associated with chemotherapy response. However, previous studies have found that tumor location can be a prognostic factor in CRC patient survival. The CRC location most commonly found in this study was the rectum. Patients with CRC in the rectum have shorter survival potentials than those with CRC in the cecum, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectosigmoid regions [23]. Survival based on tumor location is related to the location of metastases [24,25]. Based on biological factors, the survival of patients with rectal cancer corresponds to the increasing number of mutations in BRAF and KRAS and is associated with a poor prognosis [26]. However, Bozkurt et al. and Ryuk et al. determined that tumor location was not a risk factor for CRC [27,28]. The most common locations for CRC are the ascending and sigmoid colons. These regions are often exposed to feces, causing mucosal changes in the colon that eventually become tumors [23]. In this study, most participants were responsive to 5FU-oxaliplatin, which can exert antitumor activity by inducing thymidylate deficiency and balancing the nucleotide pool, thereby disrupting DNA replication, transcription, and repair and causing cell death [29]. In addition, administering combination chemotherapy treatments can result in the more efficient destruction of CRC tumor cells [30]. However, resistance to 5-FU chemotherapy and oxaliplatin has been found in patients with colorectal cancer [31, 32].

This study used the chemotherapy combination of 5FU and oxaliplatin; however, the use of oxaliplatin is known to cause resistance. This resistance is caused by an increase in the ATP-binding cassette drug transporter, which reduces the intracellular concentration of oxaliplatin. In addition, an increase in oxaliplatin protein (mammalian metallothionein-2A) MT2A [33], which is a protein that can inhibit apoptosis and increase proliferation in CRC cells can cause resistance [34]. However, resistance to the combination of 5-FU/LV and oxaliplatin has not been identified; therefore, this study is novel in the selection of chemotherapy treatments for advanced CRC. Understanding the mechanism of chemoresistance is crucial in the development of new and more effective treatment combinations.

<italic id="italic-ec49e01af005a9e97c261088dcc14155">mRNA Expression of TS Gene and Chemotherapy Response<italic id="italic-b43fc08f25e2ce2678cfddb69a34474f"/></italic>

Our study found the mean value of mRNA expression of the TS gene (9.555±1.693), had an insignificant correlation with clinical response p=0.195 (p<0.05). Shirota et al. found that the level of TS mRNA expression can be used as a tumor marker for CRC patients undergoing 5FU chemotherapy [35], whereas Kuramochi et al. stated that patients with high TS mRNA expression showed lower colorectal tumor responses [36]. The TS inhibitor 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used for the treatment of colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, and ovarian cancers, and leucovorin, which is a folate-reducing agent, has been shown to increase the activity of 5-FU in colorectal cancers. However, response rates for chemotherapy combinations are approximately 25 %–30 % and much effort has been focused on designing new, more potent TS inhibitors, such as capecitabine, which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as first-line therapy for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. In addition, TS protein and TS mRNA expression are highly correlated and able to predict the response to 5-FU/LV-based chemotherapy in patients with colorectal and gastric cancers, respectively. Lower TS gene expression levels correspond to higher tumor responses in CRC patients undergoing 5FU chemotherapy [37].

<italic id="italic-0b667ff70ba12d797d544f41218d4b07">mRNA Expression of DPD Gene and Chemotherapy Response<italic id="italic-91c68f7b6ace258dca06ac0f7bb937c3"/></italic>

The mean mRNA expression value of the DPD gene in this study (7.461±1.088) was significantly correlated with clinical response p=0.003 (p<0.05). Similar to the results for TS, Shirota et al. determined that DPD mRNA expression level was an effective tumor marker for CRC patients undergoing 5FU chemotherapy [35]. However, Kuramochi et al. reported no significant relationship between patients with DPD mRNA expression and chemotherapy response [36].

Uchida et al. found that DPD was a key enzyme in the catabolic pathway of 5-FU. Significant differences were noted in DPD mRNA levels in colorectal cancers during chemotherapy. The results of this study suggest that 5FU may affect DPD mRNA expression in colorectal cancer patients, while TS/DPD expression may be considered an independent prognostic factor and colorectal cancer patients with low DPD mRNA expression could benefit from 5FU-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In addition, quantitative analysis of DPD mRNA changes in surgical specimens during 5FU-based chemotherapy may predict the disease-free interval for postoperative colorectal cancer patients more effectively than endoscopic specimen analysis before chemotherapy. Furthermore, TS and DPD regulation appear to be associated during 5FU chemotherapy. Elucidation of the mechanisms that regulate TS and DPD mRNA expression may allow for the prediction of sensitivity and/or toxicity to 5FU [38]. Lower DPD gene expression values equate to higher tumor responses in CRC patients who undergo 5FU chemotherapy [37]. Al-Rubaiawi et al. showed that serum and tissue DPD activities in advanced-stage CRC patients were high when compared to those of early-stage CRC patients and the control. In addition, early-stage CRC patients returned higher DPD activities than those of the controls. The DPD levels in tissues of advanced and early CRC patients were significantly different from those in normal tissues, although no significant differences were found in mean serum DPD levels between CRC patients (early and advanced) and healthy controls. In addition, DPD showed a moderate correlation with CA19-9 in CRC patients (early and advanced) that approached significance [39].

One limitation of this study was the level of patient dropout, although the remaining number of participants allowed for the minimum sample size to be met. In addition, we only included patients at our center; therefore, we cannot describe the same conditions in different populations and locations. However, a strength of this study was the cross-sectional observational research and prognosis test design, which is effective for determining the usefulness of variables in predicting certain future outcomes. In addition, this study analyzed clinicopathological factors that theoretically affect chemotherapy response, thereby allowing the results obtained to confirm the relationships between variables. In conclusion, the mRNA expression of the TS gene had no effect on the clinical response to 5FU neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer, whereas the mRNA expression of DPD gene influenced this clinical response. A cut-off value for the mRNA expression of the DPD gene of ≤7.9 would produce a good response to the chemotherapy. Therefore, we suggest that mRNA expression of the DPD gene can be used as a marker of chemotherapy responsiveness and should be considered when choosing a chemotherapy regimen.

Acknowledgements

None

Author contributions

Conception: ECT, AAI, MH, RL, PRI, RB, IKW, IJP,

and AB; Interpretation or analysis of data: ECT, AAI, MH, RL, PRI, RB, and IKW; Preparation of the manuscript: ECT, AAI, MH, RL, PRI, and MF; Revision for important intellectual content: ECT, AAI, MH, RL, PRI, RB, and IKW; Supervision: AAI, MH, RL, PRI, RB, and IKW. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Funding

Self-funding

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