© 2017, 2017 This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited. Abstract

Cancer is a significant problem in modern medicine, also is the most common cause of death aftercardiovascular diseases, and in need of targeted drug release. Although, chemotherapy is an important candidate in cancer treatment, but it has many side effects on healthy tissues of the body. The initial response to the treatment and then becoming resistant to the cisplatin is one of basal challenges of treatment of breast cancer. Recently, using nanotechnology including drug nanocarrier named niosome can decrease adverse effects and increase the efficiency of treatment. In this study, Noisome was prepared using reverse phase evaporation method, which contains specific proportion of cholesterol, span60 and polyethylene glycol. The percentage of remains of cancer cell line BT-20 treated with PEGylated niosomal. The research found that by using of niosome nanoparticles can be provided a suitable formulation of cisplatin drug. Therefore, the results show the efficiency of nanoniosome cisplatin is more than free drug. This decreases used dose and therefore the damage of other tissues.

Keywords Introduction

Cancer starts when cell mutates in the growth controlling genes. In the natural modes, if cell mutates irreparably, it will kill himself but if it can’t kill itself, the cell and/or its progeny and lineage may divide uncontrollably with wrong genetic information [1]. Recently, nanotechnology allows targeted treatment to reduce adverse effects of drugs and increase their efficiency. Nanoscale drug carriers are capable of overcoming biological barriers and enhance drug release. Niosome is a kind of nanoscale drug carrier [2]. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles whose vesicle system can be used as carriers of lipophilic and amphiphilic. Theirs non-ionic property leads to less toxicity and limited reaction with cell, increasing the therapeutic index of encapsulated drug [3].

 Materials and Methods Materials

Span60, cholesterol, Polyethylene glycol 3350, cisplatin, human breast cancer cell line BT-20 were used.

 Preparation of nanoparticles containing drug

At first span 60, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol 6,000 were mixed in diethyl ether. The solvent was evaporated using rotary evaporator in 90 rpm and at 45 °C. The thin film formed at the bottom of round bottom flask was then hydrated by PBS containing cisplatin (1 mg/ml) and stirred. The final concentration was calculated 7, 4, 1, and 3.3 mM respectively. To provide smaller and more homogenized particles, they were sonicated using bath sonication for 10 min. Blank nanoparticles were prepared with the abovementioned method without the drug.

 Morphological evaluation of nanoparticles

Size, shape, and probable crystallization of constructed niosomal nanoparticles were evaluated using light microscopy.

 MTT test

MTT test was used to investigate cytotoxicity of the formulation containing cisplatin and its effect was compared with that of standard drug.

 Statistical analysis

Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS (version 16). In addition, all stages of toxicity were analyzed by Pharm software.

 Results Morphological evaluation

Light microscopy revealed the niosomal nanoparticles as hollow spherical to ellipsoid configuration that dispersed in the matrix (Fig.1)

 Cytotoxicity

The results of the cytotoxicity tests of nano-cisplatin and free drug are summarized in Tabl. 1. Control nanoparticles were devoid of toxicity, even at high concentrations. IC50 was reported in micromolar. Results showed that nano- conjugated cisplatin was more cytotoxic than cisplatin. In other words, IC50 was less in nano-conjugated cisplatin than cisplatin.

a) *IC50 (in terms of µM) shows the average result from three experiment

 Discussion

Among different chronic and infectious disorders, such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome and etc [4-9], cancer has always been the most significant [7,10]. Nanotechnology is being used for the treatment of different diseases. Nanoparticulate drug delivery system supplies several benefits compared to conventional drug delivery system [11]. Nanoparticles have several uses, such as medicine and industry [12,13]. Different nanoparticles are used in drug delivery, for instances, liposomal nanoparticles . Niosomal nanoparticles and Nano-Poly Butyl Cyanoacrylate (14-17). The chemotherapy and herbal agents impactson cancer cells were investigated in former researches[16-20].This study reported that the niosomal formulation could be one of the promising delivery systems for the breast cancer treatment by using drug silymarin. Reverse phase evaporation technique was a suitable method for preparation of cisplatin loaded niosomal nanoparticles which was confirmed by appropriate properties of nanoparticles. PEG was applied in this investigation due to its proper stability in blood circulation, low immunogenicity, water solubility, and antigenisity along with its capability to extend the period of drug release [21]. Drug release is a strongly influence factor in drug delivery systems [22]. In this research, a sustained release of cisplatin from nanoparticles was also perceived.

In conclusions, nanoniosomal cisplatin had higher efficiency than free cisplatin in destructing breast cancer cells. This fact may be due this fact that the nanoniosomal drug has a amphipathic structure like the bilayer structure of a breast cell line membrane and can easily penetrate to tumour and release the nanomedicine directly into the target cell, causing the death of BT-20 cell line.

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 Competing interests

The author declare that no competing interests exist.

 References