Evaluation Expression COX-2 in Prostatic Carcinoma by PCR and Immunohistochemistry and Its Relationship with Gleason Score

Introduction: Prostate cancer is among the most common malignancies. Despite the high prevalence and importance of prostate cancer, the molecular mechanisms underlying its development and progression remain poorly understood. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 50 cases of prostatic carcinoma with different Gleason score referred to Sina hospital in Tehran in Iran in 2016. The gene expression was assessed by using the immunohistochemistry staining and PCR technique. Result: The presence of neoplasia on prostatic biopsy induced strong staining and increased in mRNA level of COX-2 expression when compared to normal tissue (P-Value >0.05). The expression is not well associated with different Gleason grades of prostatic carcinoma. Conclusion: The expression of COX-2 protein by immunohistochemistry staining and PCR technique in our study offers the valuable diagnostic information. Thus, we think this marker might be studied in larger series of patients for its further validation as diagnostic factor in prostate biopsies.

 Introduction

Prostatic carcinoma (PC) is among the most common malignancies [1]. Most studies reflect the etiology of PC is multifactorial. Although, current screening has been realized, the pathogenesis of prostate cancer are still unclear [2]. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are the two isoforms of cyclooxygenase, which transform arachidonic acid (AA) into some eicosanoids such as prostaglandin, thromboxane, and prostacyclin which contribute in several normal physiologic processes and inflammation [3]. COX-2 is an inducer of angiogenesis of new blood vessels [4]. COX‐2, on the other hand, is an inducible isoform, quickly induced by growth factors, tumor promoters, oncogenes and carcinogens [5]. So, up-regulation of COX-2 is related with carcinogenesis in multiple organ systems such as the large bowel, lung, breast, and prostate [6]. Epidemiological studies have revealed a reduced risk of prostate cancer between men who recurrently take aspirin or other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [7]. COX-2 expression in prostate core needle biopsies may display significance in preprostatectomy prognosis [8]. COX‐2 is expressed in PC; however, expression is not related to the presence of inflammatory cells infiltration [9]. The aim of this work is to find out the diagnostic value of the mentioned molecule in the core needle biopsies of patients with PC. Other goals are to establish its relation with Gleason score which is known as prognostic factors.

Materials and Methods

A total of 50 PC on core needle biopsy were reviewed for pathology in Sina hospital affiliated Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The average patients’ age was 60 years. All data were collected from pathology reports and patient’s record archives. Cases with incomplete information were excluded. Exclusion criteria were atypical adenomatous hyperplasia or metastatic involvement. Also, 10 normal prostatic core needle biopsies were selected. All slides were reassessed by an expert pathologist who was unaware of the patients’ history. After diagnosis confirmation based on morphology, appropriate blocks of each sample were selected. The specimens were classified according to the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference in 2014 [10].

<italic id="italic-1">Immunohistochemistry staining<italic id="italic-2"/></italic>

Paraffin blocks were cut with 2 micrometer thickness. Slides were coated with Poly-L-lysine and then deparaffined and rehydrated. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for the detection of COX-2 expression was performed on one representative slide per tumor which exhibited a maximum of tumoral tissue and on normal tissue for comparison. Primary antibody (Polyclonal rabbit anti-human COX-2, Dako) with a dilution of 1/250 was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol for COX-2 staining. Hematoxylin was used to stain the background. COX-2 immunolabelling was intracytoplasmic and perinuclear considered as positive and base of intensity was graded weak: +1, moderate: +2, and strong: +3 [11].

 <italic id="italic-b615ebbbe9a5c88003bcaeb470e5ab91">Molecular study<italic id="italic-bf5582e54daa936607a8554cd3e538b0"/></italic>

The expression of COX2 was studied by semi- quantitative PCR. The PCR amplification reaction was carried out by AccuPower GreenStar qPCR Premix (Bioneer, Korea) using Stratagene Mx3005PqPCR system (Agilent Technologies, CA, USA). The thermal profile reaction used was 5 minutes at 95° C for 1 cycle, followed by 40 cycles at 94° C for 15 seconds, 55° C for 30 seconds and 72° C for 30 seconds. Beta-Actin was amplified as internal control. Arrays were performed and the values were obtained for the threshold cycle (Ct) for each gene and normalized using the housekeeping gene (Beta-Actin) on the same array. The change (ΔCt) between the genes of neoplastic and normal tissue and controls was determined. The fold-change was determined using the formula, fold-change = 2(-ΔΔCt). The resulting values were reported as fold-change; only genes showing two-fold or greater change were considered. The study endpoint was to first compare gene expressions in PC and normal prostatic tissue. The sequences of the primers and the respective conditions used for COX2 were according to Table 1.

Primers Sequence TM
COX-2-F 5-ATCATTCACCAGGCAAATTGC-3 60.66
COX-2-R 5-GGCTTCAGCATAAAGCGTTTG-3 60.69
B-ACTIN-F 5-GCTCCTCCTGAGCGCAAGT-3 61.6
B-ACTIN-R 5-TCGTCATACTCCTGCTTGCTGAT-3 61.96

This study is cross-sectional and investigated the association of COX-2 expression by IHC staining and PCR and Gleason score of PC on core needle biopsy specimens in Sina hospital in 2016.

 <italic id="italic-9737f2d17544a154ab4424df8ac8573c">Statistical Analysis</italic>

For statistical analysis, results were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for quantitative variables and were summarized by absolute frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Quantitative variables were also compared with T-test or Mann-Whitney U test. The association between the variables was examined using the Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation test. For the statistical analysis, the statistical software SPSS version 16 for windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used. P values of 0.05 or less were considered statistically significant.

 Results

The database query returned 60 patients. We excluded 10 patients with inadequate specimen. The remaining 50 patients were evaluated who mean age of 60 years.

COX-2 immunolabelling was intracytoplasmic and, in some neoplastic cells, perinuclear; it was demonstrated in neoplastic cells and its intensity was usually mild to moderate. In contrast, all normal tissues showed no staining (Figure 1).

Mean levels of COX‐2 mRNA were 2.3‐fold higher in PC tissue (n = 50) compared with the paired benign tissue which was similar to other study (1.8-3.4 fold) (Table 2) (12).

Gene Prostatic carcinoma Normal tissue Fold change P-value
Mean±SD Mean±SD
COX-2 5.52 ± 0.42 2.36 ± 0.8 2.3 0.004

P<0.05 have considerate as significant.

The COX-2 gene expression in PC and benign tissue by PCR are shown in Figure 2.

There was no significant difference in the mRNA level of COX-2 gene between the cancer tissues with different Gleason score (P-Value: >0.5). However, the mRNA level of COX-2 gene was considerably higher in the cancer tissue as compared to the normal samples. In other word, the presence of PC induced a 2.3-fold increase in mRNA expression when compared to normal prostatic tissue.

In comparison between two method including IHC staining and PCR exhibited IHC staining was more sensitive than PCR (P-Value: <0.05). So, for COX-2 expression detection, IHC staining is useful even in small samples. Because PCR cannot detect at least gene expression and expression should be more than detection limit of PCR. Efficacy of PCR in detecting gene proliferation in samples with IHC staining grade of +3 was 100% and in the case of IHC staining grade of + 2 was about 50% (Figure 3).

PCR was able to detect gene proliferation in all cases with high COX-2 expression in IHC staining of tumor samples. But between COX-2 expression detection by two method and Gleason score of PC was not any relationship (P-Value>0.5).

Discussion

For several decades, the absence of exact diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PC has interested investigators to search for new specific markers to precisely predict recurrent and metastatic PC [13]. Cohesive scientific data from molecular studies supports the hypothesis that abnormal induction of COX-2 and up-regulation of the prostaglandin cascade show a important part in carcinogenesis, and equally, blockade of the process has strong probable for cancer prevention and therapy [14]. Various studies recommend a role for COX-2 in carcinogenesis. However, little is identified about the role sequence variation within the COX-2 gene plays in prostate cancer risk. Panguluri et al. study suggests that variation of the COX-2 promoter may influence the risk and development of prostate cancer [15]. COX-2 is expressed in numerous types of normal epithelial tissues, comprising normal prostate glands in man. Prior research has established that COX-2 expression is maintained during malignant transformation and is expressed in PC [16] which is similar our study and is proved as diagnostic marker. Up-regulated COX-2 may play a role in inducing cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, or angiogenesis [17]. COX-2 overexpression might lead to local persistence of disease and, consequently, more incidence of distant metastasis. Alternatively, COX-2 overexpression might be a risk factor for early metastasis, which might be supported by the conclusion that COX-2 overexpression is accompanying by angiogenesis (18) but in our study is not association between COX-2 expression and tumor grade and Gleason score. So, we couldn’t use it as prognostic factor. Multiple studies have revealed increased expression of COX2 in prostate tumors only, although one study reported overexpression not in tumor tissue but rather in proliferative inflammatory atrophy, a putative precursor lesion of prostate cancer [19] which was according to a number of studies recommend that COX-2 expression is not only an initial happening in the carcinogenesis, but is obligatory during the whole evolutionary process of cancer growth and development [20]. A study by Yoshimura et al. showed the amount and intensity of immunoreactive COX-2 in tumor cells was statistically much greater than those of cells from benign hyperplasia. These outcomes were further confirmed by mRNA analysis, where enhanced expression of COX-2 was detected in prostate cancer tissues. These results lead to the conclusion that human prostate carcinoma cells generated COX-2, and that COX-2 might play an significant role in the proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells which is confirmed by our study [21]. Richardsen et al. study showed high expression of COX-2 was correlated with death from PC [22]. These documents establish that COX-2, are expressed in all stages of human prostate carcinogenesis [23]. Brian L et al. study showed Gleason score, preoperative serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) level, extraprostatic extension, surgical margin, seminal vesicle invasion, and high COX‐2 expression were important predictors of biochemical recurrence [24]. The positive rates of COX-2 were higher in high Gleason score group than those in low Gleason score group. So, the high expressions of COX-2 in PC may be related to tumor pathological grade [25] but we couldn’t establish it in our study. Also, Thibaut et al. study proposed increased levels of this protein in the tumors were all considerably related with higher Gleason scores and pathologic stages, tumor extraprostatic extension and loss of differentiation [26] which in our study only COX-2 expression was seen in neoplastic tissue but was not seen in normal tissue. We couldn’t introduce COX-2 as prognostic factor. Also, some study suggested that overexpression of COX-2 links with T3–T4 stages of PC [27]. Furthermore, patients with high-COX-2 expression revealed lower disease-free and overall survival rates than those with low-COX-2 expression [28]. So, COX2 inhibitors are currently being used in clinical trials for the treatment of PC [29]. This facts suggest that COX-2 is over-expressed in prostate cancer and COX-2 inhibitors may be valuable in combination chemotherapy or chemoprevention for prostate cancer [30]. Therefore, COX-2 might be a potential therapy target for PC and work as a diagnostic and prognostic factor for PC patients.

In conclusion, the expression of COX-2 protein by IHC and PCR in our study offers the valuable diagnostic information but is not well associated with histological grade of prostatic carcinoma in biopsies. This may be in part due to the relatively small sample size and various factors such as patient characteristics or procedure specifications.

References 5 11 55-62 62 2003 10.1016/j.urology.2003.09.053 De Marzo Angelo M Meeker Alan K Zha Shan Luo Jun Nakayama Masashi Platz Elizabeth A Isaacs William B Nelson William G Urology Human prostate cancer precursors and pathobiology 4 07 328-332 9 2008 10.1007/s11934-008-0056-6 Sandhu Jaspreet S. Current Urology Reports Prostate cancer and chronic prostatitis 11 11 694-702 9 2007 10.1007/s12094-007-0126-0 Aparicio Gallego G. Díaz Prado S. Jiménez Fonseca P. García Campelo R. Cassinello Espinosa J. Antón Aparicio L. M. Clinical and Translational Oncology Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2): a molecular target in prostate cancer 589 3 596 89 2000 Yoshimura R Sano H Masuda C Kawamura M Tsubouchi Y Chargui J et al Cancer Expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 in prostate carcinoma 4 660-669 113 2004 10.1002/ijc.20629 Hussain Tajamul Gupta Sanjay Adhami Vaqar M. Mukhtar Hasan International Journal of Cancer Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate selectively inhibits COX-2 without affecting COX-1 expression in human prostate carcinoma cells 8617 24 8623 61 2001 Zha S Gage WR Sauvageot J Saria EA Putzi MJ Ewing CM et al Cancer Research Cyclooxygenase-2 is up-regulated in proliferative inflammatory atrophy of the prostate, but not in prostate carcinoma 15 3 02 257-265 66 2006 10.1002/pros.20331 Narayanan Bhagavathi A. Narayanan Narayanan K. Pttman Brian Reddy Bandaru S. The Prostate Adenocarcina of the mouse prostate growth inhibition by celecoxib: Downregulation of transcription factors involved in COX-2 inhibition 4 12 375-383 14 2006 10.1097/01.pai.0000210417.61117.6c Rao Dinesh S. Gui Dorina Koski Michelle E. Popoviciu Laura M. Wang HeJing Reiter Robert E. Said Jonathan W. Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology An Inverse Relation Between COX-2 and E-cadherin Expression Correlates With Aggressive Histologic Features in Prostate Cancer 4 07 776-782 21 2007 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03021.x L'Eplattenier Henry F. Lai Chen Li Ham René Mol Jan Sluijs Frederick Teske Erik Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Regulation of COX-2 Expression in Canine Prostate Carcinoma: Increased COX-2 Expression is Not Related to Inflammation 2 02 244-252 40 2016 10.1097/pas.0000000000000530 Epstein Jonathan I. Egevad Lars Amin Mahul B. Delahunt Brett Srigley John R. Humphrey Peter A. American Journal of Surgical Pathology The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma 2-3 08 93-99 135 2006 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.06.001 Hayes A. Scase T. Miller J. Murphy S. Sparkes A. Adams V. Journal of Comparative Pathology COX-1 and COX-2 Expression in Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma 01 1 01 73-78 42 2000 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(20000101)42:1<73::aid-pros9>3.0.co;2-g Gupta Sanjay Srivastava Mayank Ahmad Nihal Bostwick David G. Mukhtar Hasan The Prostate Over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human prostate adenocarcinoma 4 458 19 2017 10.4103/1008-682x.180798 Lee KangHyun Kim SungHan Park WeonSeo Park BoRam Joo Jungnam Joung JaeYoung Seo HoKyung Chung Jinsoo Asian Journal of Andrology PSCA, Cox-2, and Ki-67 are independent, predictive markers of biochemical recurrence in clinically localized prostate cancer: a retrospective study 93 126 2007 10.1007/1-4020-5688-5_4 Harris RE Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases: Springer Cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) and the inflammogenesis of cancer 04 6 02 961-966 25 2004 10.1093/carcin/bgh100 Panguluri R. C.K. Carcinogenesis COX-2 gene promoter haplotypes and prostate cancer risk 1 03 13-23 2 2004 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2004.00035.x Sorenmo K. U. Goldschmidt M. H. Shofer F. S. Goldkamp C. Ferracone J. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology Evaluation of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and the effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in canine prostatic carcinoma 01 9 05 3250-3256 11 2005 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2405 Wang Wanzhong Bergh Anders Damber Jan-Erik Clinical Cancer Research Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression Correlates with Local Chronic Inflammation and Tumor Neovascularization in Human Prostate Cancer 10 10 912-920 8 2007 10.1016/s1470-2045(07)70280-2 Khor Li-Yan Bae Kyounghwa Pollack Alan Hammond M Elizabeth H Grignon David J Venkatesan Varagur M Rosenthal Seth A Ritter Mark A Sandler Howard M Hanks Gerald E Shipley William U Dicker Adam P The Lancet Oncology COX-2 expression predicts prostate-cancer outcome: analysis of data from the RTOG 92-02 trial 03 4 07 557-561 97 2007 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603874 Cheng I Liu X Plummer S J Krumroy L M Casey G Witte J S British Journal of Cancer COX2 genetic variation, NSAIDs, and advanced prostate cancer risk 05 1 01 13 2013 10.1186/1471-2490-13-1 Inoue Takeshi Anai Satoshi Onishi Sayuri Miyake Makito Tanaka Nobumichi Hirayama Akihide Fujimoto Kiyohide Hirao Yoshihiko BMC Urology Inhibition of COX-2 expression by topical diclofenac enhanced radiation sensitivity via enhancement of TRAIL in human prostate adenocarcinoma xenograft model 2 03 125-135 191 2003 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00524-4 Hussain Tajamul Gupta Sanjay Mukhtar Hasan Cancer Letters Cyclooxygenase-2 and prostate carcinogenesis 3 06 316-322 34 2010 10.1016/j.canep.2010.03.019 Richardsen Elin Uglehus Rebecca Dale Due Jan Busch Christer Busund Lill-Tove Cancer Epidemiology COX-2 is overexpressed in primary prostate cancer with metastatic potential and may predict survival. A comparison study between COX-2, TGF-β, IL-10 and Ki67 4 10 671-676 56 2000 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)00674-9 Kirschenbaum Alexander Klausner Adam P Lee Richard Unger Pamela Yao Shen Liu Xin-Hua Levine Alice C Urology Expression of Cyclooxygenase-1 and Cyclooxygenase-2 in the human prostate 5 1082-1087 119 2006 10.1002/ijc.21749 Cohen Brian L. Gomez Pablo Omori Yohei Duncan Robert C. Civantos Francisco Soloway Mark S. Lokeshwar Vinata B. Lokeshwar Bal L. International Journal of Cancer Cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) expression is an independent predictor of prostate cancer recurrence 1 2007 LIU J-h ZHANG W Journal of Clinical Medicine in Practice Expression of COX-2 and VEGF in human prostate cancer and their relationship with Gleason score [J] 5 11 1021-1031 50 2006 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.01.036 Dassesse Thibaut de Leval Xavier de Leval Laurence Pirotte Bernard Castronovo Vincent Waltregny David European Urology Activation of the Thromboxane A2 Pathway in Human Prostate Cancer Correlates with Tumor Gleason Score and Pathologic Stage 07 12 10 10997-11004 39 2012 10.1007/s11033-012-2001-5 Shao Ning Feng Ninghan Wang Yang Mi Yuanyuan Li Tian Hua LiXin Molecular Biology Reports Systematic review and meta-analysis of COX-2 expression and polymorphisms in prostate cancer 2 02 131-136 113 2011 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.09.004 Bin Wu He Wang Feng Zhang Xiangdong Lu Yong Chen Lele Kou Hongbin Zhang Honglin Guo Acta Histochemica Prognostic relevance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in Chinese patients with prostate cancer 1 01 50-55 40 2004 10.1016/j.ejca.2003.08.010 Edwards J. Mukherjee R. Munro A.F. Wells A.C. Almushatat A. Bartlett J.M.S. European Journal of Cancer HER2 and COX2 expression in human prostate cancer 1291 2B 1294 21 2001 Lee L-M Pan C-C Cheng C-J Chi C-W Liu T-Y Pan C-C et al Anticancer research Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in prostate adenocarcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia