During the cell cycle, DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a critical step to repair errors in DNA replication [1]. Due to mutation in MMR genes there is loss of function of the MMR pathway. Failure to repair replication-associated errors due to a defective MMR system allows persistence of mismatch mutations all over the genome, but especially in regions of repetitive unit of DNA known as microsatellites this causes instability in microsatellite region giving rise to the phenomenon of microsatellite instability (MSI) which results in accumulation of additional mutations at a rapid rate that leads to development of carcinoma. Such microsatellite instability is the hallmark of the most common form of hereditary susceptibility to CRC, known as Lynch syndrome, but is also observed in approximately 15-20% of sporadic colonic cancer.Patients diagnosed with Lynch syndrome are prone to develop many different carcinomas like carcinomas of colorectum, endometrium, ovary, prostate, small bowel, stomach, bladder, ureter, urethra, brain, kidney, biliary tract and gallbladder and sebaceous adenomas/carcinomas [2-4].

The four most commonly mutated DNA mismatch repair genes are MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. They function as heterodimer. MLH1 and PMS2 are heterodimer where MLH1 is the dominant one i.e loss of MLH1 leads to degradation of PMS2 but not the vice versa, similarly MSH2 and MSH6 are heterodimer where MSH2 is the dominant one i.e loss of MSH2 leads to degradation of MSH6 but not the vice versa. Defective MMR gene can be detected via immunohistochemistry. Absence of MMR protein by immunohistochemistry is a surrogate marker for microsatellite instability.Testing for MSI (thus classifying microsatellite stable, MSI–H and MSI–L) is done by molecular testing of at least five loci recommended by National cancer institute using PCR or NGS technique. In the year 1996, first monoclonal antibodies against MMR proteins became available; first came antibodies to MSH2 and then to others. Such antibodies rendered IHC detection of MMR protein possible, providing an alternative methodology for detecting MMR deficiency [5]. Furthermore it is helpful in identifying the specific defective genes within the microsatellite instable tumors. Also detection of MMR using IHC is cost effective and easily available. Specific staining is performed on tumor tissue for each of the 4 mismatch repair proteins, mutations in MMR genes typically lead to nonfunctional proteins that do not stain by IHC suggestive of defective DNA mismatch repair within the tumor. Also an abnormal immunostain can guide the choice of genes to be analysed.

In colon cancer Up to 15% of sporadic colon cancers are also associated with microsatellite instability, usually due to somatic hypermethylation of the MLH1 promoter and more than 50% of them harbor BRAF V600E mutation. Thus detection of BRAF V600 E excludes possibility of Lynch syndrome. In the colon, BRAF mutations are a reasonable surrogate for the presence of MLH1 promoter hypermethylation, but a similar molecular pairing is not seen in the gynecologic tract [6-11]. Thus BRAF mutation testing has exceedingly rare or no role in endometrial carcinomas [6-8].

Identification of the tumors with deficient MMR proteins have clinical importance as these tumors have prognostic value [12], a predictive marker of response to 5FU chemotherapy specially in colorectal carcinomas [13,14] and screening tool for lynch syndrome.

Again the application of the immunotherapy in cancer is limited because of variation of its response and efficacy to certain tumor. Hence the uses of biomarker testing like deficient MMR protein or MSI-h, PDL1 expression, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, tumor mutational burden are useful in selecting patients and predict therapeutic response to immune check point blockade (ICB) therapies.one importatnt aspect of dMMR or MSI-H is it is independent of tumor location and type of tumor while identifying responders.The US food and drug administration (FDA) approved the uses of ICB therapies in all dMMR solid tumors. Pembrolizumab,an anti-programmed death 1 (PD1) antibody is showing effective in mismatch repair deficient tumors specially in colo-rectal carcinomas [15].

Even though analysis of MMR protein and subsequently the MSI testing has great preventive and therapeutic significance, in our region, there is not much data available on the MMR deficient genes and tumors. In this study, we aim to present our datas of MMR deficient tumors and also the pattern of MMR protein deficiency by using immunohistochemical techniques and compare our datas with those of the reported literatures.

It was a retrospective study,total 318 cases were analysed in two year duration from November 2019 to October 2021.The datas of the MMR testing which was done when requested by the referring treating physician in primary gross specimens and biopsies as well as on the blocks submitted for review in our centre were analysed. The patients demographic records, clinical details were retrieved from our digital archive.

For the immunohistochemistry stain, slides from the formalin fixed paraffin embedded tumor tissues were used. The monoclonal antibodies which were used in this study are FLEX Monoclonal Rabbit Anti-Human MutS Protein Homolog 6 Clone EP49 for MSH6, FLEX Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Human MutS Protein Homolog 2 Clone FE11 for MSH2, FLEX Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Human Mut L Protein Homolog 1 Clone ES05 for MLH1, FLEX Monoclonal Rabbit Anti-Human post meiotic segregation increased 2, clone EP51 for PMS2. Staining was done on the VENTANA Benchmark ULTRA IHC platform. Normal colonic mucosa, lymphocytes and stromal cells used as positive control.

The H&E slides for morphological features and the IHC results were interpreted by the consultant pathologists using olympus CX33 microscope. Reporting was done following the CAP protocol of bio marker testing for MMR protein. Any amount of intact nuclear staining by IHC was considered as positive(intact expression), cases with weak and focal nuclear positive were also considered as positive but noted separately. The loss of nuclear staining by IHC with positive internal control (lymphocytes, normal colonic mucosa and stromal cells) was considered as loss of expression.Again cases with negative internal control after repeat testing was considered not interpretable.

In the cases where MLH1 expression was lost in colorectal carcinomas, BRAF V600 mutation testing was advised to look for somatic methylation of the MLH1 promoter.

There are total 318 cases of different tumors analysed for MMR protein deficient(dMMR). The detail of the different site and diagnosis of the tumors analysed for the dMMR is listed in the Table 1.

In our study out of 318 carcinoma cases from all the sites 47 cases (14.7%) were MMR deficient, data in the study by sarode et al [16] they found 12.7% cases with loss and indeterminate IHC expression of MMR protein in 479 patients of colorectal and endometrial carcinomas. In our study out of the 153 colonic adenocarcinoma cases (excluding the rectal carcinoma cases) 33 cases i.e 21.7% of colonic adenocarcinoma were MMR deficient. In Indian scenario Pandey et al [17] using 2 marker MLH1 & MSH2 found 15.7% of colorectal carcinomas cases with deficient MMR. Singh et al [18] performed 2 marker MLH1 & MSH2 and observed MMR deficient in 63.3% cases. Nayak et al [19] performed IHC in total 236 cases of colorectal carcinomas using all 4 MMR protein and has found 22.9% cases with MMR deficient. Interestingly none of our rectal carcinoma cases showed deficiency of MMR protein.

In our study 28.5% of endometrial carcinoma had deficient MMR protein. In the study by sarode et al16 they have found 21.2% of endometrial carcinoma with loss and indeterminate IHC expression of MMR protein. Regarding pattern of MMR protein loss, in our study the loss of nuclear expression of MLH1 and PMS2 is the most common MMR protein lost, followed by isolated loss of MSH6 expression and loss of both MSH2 and MSH6 expression, which is similar to most other studies [20-22].

In one case we observed loss of expression of 3 MMR protein i.e MLH1, PMS2, MSH6. south christopher et al20 reported similar pattern in one case. In another case there is absence of all 4 MMR protein such “null IHC” phenotype is very rare, wang et al [23] reported one such colorectal carcinoma case which was associated with concurrent somatic inactivation of MLH1 and MSH2,Hagen et al [24] also reported one such “null pattern” IHC in a colorectal carcinoma which was associated with germline MSH2 mutation and somatic MLH1 hypermethylation. Furthermore in the 6 cases of colonic adenocarcinoma where we went ahead and performed BRAF V600 mutation analysis,4 cases were observed to have BRAF V600 mutation. Harman et al have observed MLH1 hypermethylation to be the most common cause of deficient MMR protein in US population [25].

In this study total 5 cases i.e. 1.5% demonstrated indeterminate expression, which is possibly due to delayed fixation of the tissues which leads to autolysis of the luminal aspect of the colon and endometrium specimens and lack of standard protocol in using the fixatives. It is one of the major problem in assessment of MMR protein by IHC. Sarode et al [16] in their study observed 3 % cases with indeterminate expression. In Fadhil and Ilyas [26] study comparing assessment of MMR protein by IHC in biopsy specimens and resection specimen of the same samples, they observed it is easier to interpret MMR protein in biopsy samples as biopsy sample usually have more uniform and complete fixation compared to resection specimens. Furthermore post neoadjuvant chemoradiation, the expression of MMR proteins specially MSH6 tends to have reduced expression, hence it is preferable to evaluate treatment status prior to assessment of MMR protein by IHC. Bao et al [27] observed post neoadjuvant reduced but not complete loss of MSH6 expression. In rare instances there may be “constitutional MMR deficiency”.

In the study, the MMR deficient colon carcinomas comparing to MMR proficient colon carcinomas has more cases with right sided colon involvement and in microscopy this MMR deficient tumor has more cases showing high grade histology, intra tumoral lymphocytic infiltration, peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration and mucinous and signet cell components. The similar findings has been demonstrated in other studies [16,19,28].

In conclusion, the evaluation of MMR proteins by using immunohistochemistry is relatively easy to institute in the routine testing as it is a useful predictive and prognostic biomarker in various carcinomas, also it helps in screening the cases of Lynch syndrome. There is need of using standard protocols for tissue fixation and processing before evaluating for MMR proteins using IHC so that there is no loss of antigen due to technical errors. With the introduction of immune check point blockade therapy there is a need of more widespread testing of MMR protein using IHC for better management of the patient,also to screening for lynch syndrome and to identify the families with predisposed germ line mutation.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Source of Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not for profit sectors.

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